Coordination of physiological activity and intensity of metabolism in various organs and tissues of a productive animal, depending on environmental conditions and own needs, is provided by the regulatory activity of the corresponding nerve centers. However, the features of the autonomic regulation of the nervous system in this matter can have a significant impact not only on the physiological activity of animals but also on their productivity. Therefore, the question of studying the influence of autonomic regulation on the animal body in general and the interaction of the autonomic system and lipid metabolism is quite relevant. Groups of animals were formed by determining the state of the cardiovascular system according to Baevskyi. Blood plasma was used for the study, lipid extraction was performed by the Folch method. Fatty acid analysis was performed on a Trace GC Ultra gas chromatograph (USA) with a flame ionization detector. Studies have shown that the relative content of saturated fatty acids in blood of normotonics was the highest compared with other groups: sympathotonics – by 1.9%; vagotonics – 0.48%. Regarding the concentration of saturated fatty acids in sympathotonics, it should be noted that the content of stearic acid was the highest (18.07 ± 0.01; P < 0.001) and saturated fatty acids from C6 to C16 were characterized by the lowest values (P < 0.01–0.05) in comparison with other groups The total content of unsaturated fatty acids in blood plasma of sympathotonics and vagotonics was 1.19% and 0.49% higher, respectively, compared with normotonics. Quite interesting is the fact that sympathotonics were characterized by the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the content of which decreased in the range C18:2n6 > C20:4n6 > C18:3n3 > C22:6n3 > C22:5n3, a similar sequence we observed in other groups, although the relative concentration of acids could fluctuate. Normotonics were characterized by the highest levels of some polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:3n3, C22:5n3, C22:6n3) (P < 0.05-0.01), while levels of some unsaturated fatty acids (C18: 1n9, C20: 3n6) were the lowest. Thus, the type of nervous activity has a significant effect on the ratio of fatty acids in blood plasma of cows and autonomous regulation affects the metabolic processes in the animal’s body.
The tone of the autonomic nervous system is one of the key systems of the nervous system in regulating homeostasis. In turn, this can affect the metabolism of organic substances in the animal's body, which is reflected in physiological indicators. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the tone of the autonomic nervous system on the content of saturated fatty acids. Groups of animals were formed according to Baesky’s method, according to which they were divided into three groups: normotonic, sympathotonic, and vagotonic. Blood was collected in winter. Chromatographic research revealed the following: caproic acid in normotonic (1.19 ± 0.01) is 0.15 % less compared to sympathotonic (P ≤ 0.01) and 0.15 % more compared to vagotonic (P ≤ 0.001). Caprylic acid is 0.28 % more in normotonic (1.19 ± 0.05) compared to sympathotonic (P ≤ 0.001) and, comparing the indicators with the third group, 0.37 % more than vagotonic (P ≤ 0.001). Lauric acid in normotonic (0.54 ± 0.03) is higher than vagotonic by 0.13 % (P ≤ 0.01). Myristic acid has a lower percentage ratio in normotonic (2.62 ± 0.08) compared to sympathotonic by 0.30 % (P ≤ 0.001). Palmitic acid is 2.95 % less in normotonic (17.59 ± 0.46) compared to vagotonic (P ≤ 0.001). Arachidic acid has a lower percentage ratio in normotonic (0.21 ± 0.01) compared to sympathotonic by 0.08 % less (P ≤ 0.001). Cows belonging to the normotonic group have the most saturated fatty acids: capric (1.19 ± 0.05), lauric (0.54 ± 0.03); and the least myristic (2.62 ± 0.08) and arachidic (0.21 ± 0.01). Animals belonging to the group of sympathotonic have the most saturated fatty acids: caproic (1.18 ± 0.04), myristic (2.92 ± 0.03) and arachidic (0.29 ± 0.01). Cows belonging to the group of vagotonic have the least saturated fatty acids: caproic (0.88 ± 0.01), capric (0.82 ± 0.03) and lauric (0.41 ± 0.01); the most palmitic acid (20.54 ± 0.16). Considering all factors, we can conclude that the tone of the autonomic nervous system in the body of cows plays an indirect role in the metabolism of saturated fatty acids in blood plasma. This can be facilitated by the influence of the departments of this nervous system, namely the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which, depending on the peculiarities of the animal's physiological state, affect the body as a whole.
Nowadays, there are many different methods for diagnosing cow’ mammary gland diseases. This is a clinical examination of the general condition of the animal, organoleptic, physico-chemical, bacteriological research of the secretion of the mammary gland, radiological, ultrasound, laser, histological, cytological diagnostics, etc. Since all these methods in most cases are aimed at evaluating functional changes in the mammary gland and do not reflect the structural changes of the organ, so in the development of therapeutic and preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of pathological processes in the mammary gland in cows do not display information on pathomorphological changes in the tissues of mammary glands for mastitis of various forms. Histological diagnostics becomes an integral part of the clinical examination of animals in the activity of the doctor of veterinary medicine, because it allows taking into account the changes occurring in the tissues of the mammary gland, not only on the macroscopic, but also on the microscopic levels, which is especially important in differential diagnosis. Microscopic studies of biopsy revealed that normally the wall of the lacrimal alveolus consists of a single-layer cubic epithelium, a layer of myoepithelial (basintine) cells, a basement membrane and perialveolar connective tissue that contains numerous blood and lymphatic capillaries and nerve fibers. On the internal walls of the alveoli, there are secretory cells (lactoxytes) which, at different stages of their accumulation of secretion, or its separation into the lumen of the alveoli. The entire lumen of the alveoli is completely filled with a secret, which is rather intensely colored with eosin. In damaged alveoli, we detected the destruction of in situ lacticates, their excretion into the lumen with subsequent destruction there. In the destruction and removal of a small number of lacto-cysts in the lumen of the alveoli was a formed secret, in which an increased number of lactocytes and single neutrophils and lymphocytes were recorded. The given results indicate the pathohistological changes in cows’ mammary gland tissues under the chronic form of the mastitis. The method can be used as one of the important tests in the differential diagnosis of mastitis, which makes it possible to carry out in-depth study of the structure of the mammary gland of cows for various types of pathology using the method of biopsy of tissues from the affected area and the histological examination of the biopsy. Histology, as the most important scientific instrument of biology and medicine, is the only way to detect pathological changes in the tissues of the mammary gland. That is why histology of breast pathology serves as the most accurate diagnostic method in veterinary medicine and helps to choose the most effective way of treatment.
Introduction. There are several important aspects requiring a control of fatty acid composition in drinking milk distributed across the retail stores: milk is one of the main consumer products; fatty acids are the main energy substrates, involved in the synthesis of cellular structural components, whereas their interaction might impact the intensity of body growth and development; the fatty acid composition of milk varies depending on the diet and the animal's specific physiological state; in case of udder diseases, a change milk composition may occur; prevention of product counterfeiting distributed across the retail stores. Material and methods. The present research examined milk samples from five dairy producers that distribute their products across the retailing chains in Kyiv. Milk samples were collected to determine the fatty acid composition. Milk fat was extracted following the Folch method. The milk fatty acid content assessment was carried out by gas chromatography. Results. 20 fatty acids were identified in the tested milk samples. A higher level of saturated fatty acids was recorded in milk from "Ferma" and "Selyanskoye for kids" dairy producers. The highest content of unsaturated fatty acids was registered in products of “Ukrainskoe” and “Molokia” dairy trademarks. Conclusions. The fatty acid composition of the drinking cow’s milk distributed across trading networks in Kiev was found to be heterogeneous, by differing in the content of both long-chain saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.
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