No abstract

Zhurenko, O.V., Karpovskiy, V.I., Danchuk, О.V., & Kravchenko-Dovga, Yu.V. (2018). Тhe content of calcium and phosphorus in the blood of cows with a different tonus of the autonomic nervous system. Scientific MessengerResearch was conducted on cows of the Ukrainian black-and-white breed of the 2-3 lactation. Tonus of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of cows was determined using trigeminovagal reflex (TVR). According to the obtained results, an animal was designate as normotonics, sympatheticotoniсs or vagotonics. According to the results of the study of the ANS tonus, 3 experimental groups were formed 4 animals in each. The first group included animals-normotonics, the second -vagotonics, and the third one -sympatheticontics. It was established a tendency of сalcium/hosphorus lower content in the blood of cows during the warm season and higher in the winter (in the range of 3-8%). It should also be noted that there was tendency towards lower calcium content in the blood of vagotonic cows and higher -in sympatheticotoniс animals, regardless of the season. Unlike calcium, the content of phosphorus in the blood of cows significantly depended on the ANS tonus. In particular, the content of this element in the blood of sympatheticotoniс and vagotonic cows in winter was lower by 14.0% (P < 0.001) and 18.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. However, in the summer, this difference became significantly smaller and had character of a trend (at the level of 5.0-7.2%). It has been established that the calcium-phosphorus ratio in cow's blood did not depend significantly on the ANS tonus or on the season of the year, but a clear trend was established for its lower value in summer, regardless of the ANS tonus. The strength of excitability levels of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system according to the results of the TVR in cows did not significantly limit the phosphorus content in their blood in summer, and calcium in winter (η 2 x = 0.00-0.019). But in normotonic animals, the ANS tonus significantly affected the calcium-phosphorus ratio -η 2 x = 0.59 (P < 0.05) and the phosphorus content in their blood -η 2 x = 0.29 (P < 0.05) in winter. It was established that ANS tonus in sympatheticotonic animals limited the phosphorus content in winter -η 2 x = 0.35 (P < 0.05) and the calcium-phosphorus ratio as in summer -η 2 x = 0.29 (P < 0.05) so in winter -η 2 x = 0.45 (P < 0.05). Whereas in vagotonic cows, the ANS tonus limited the calcium content in the summer -η 2 x = 0.26 (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis of the ANS tonus index, phosphorus and calcium content in cow's blood did not establish significant interrelationships depending on the season of the year. However, it should be noted a clear trend of direct correlation of the index of the ANS tonus with the calcium content (r = 0.24-0.35) and the calcium-phosphorus ratio (r = 0.43-44) in the cows' blood and the reverse one with the phosphorus content in the cows' blood (r = -0.22-0.30). The data obtained could indicate on the presence of autonomic regulatory mechanisms ...

The article presents the results of the studying the content of some vitamins in blood serum of cows with different types of higher nervous activity depending on the season. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the typological features of the nervous system on the content of separate vitamins in blood serum of cows depending on the season. The experiment was carried out on the basis of the farm «Kolos» village Borodianka, Kyiv region on clinically healthy cows of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed of 2–3rd lactation. On the basis of the investigation the conditioned reflex activity, 4 experimental groups of animals were formed with 4 most typical representatives of the identified types of higher nervous activity in each: 1st group – strong balanced mobile type, 2nd group – strong balanced inert type, 3rd group – strong unbalanced type, 4th group – weak type. The research material was blood serum, in which the content of vitamins A, E and C was determined by express method via liquid chromatography. The conducted investigation of ascorbic acid, retinol and tocopherol content in blood serum of cows with different types of higher nervous activity in winter and summer periods shown that its content is significantly dependent on the season. In particular, the content of ascorbic acid in blood serum of cows with different types of higher nervous activity in the winter season was lower by 22–27% in compare with its meaning in the summer season. It should be noted that the largest difference in content of vitamin C in blood serum depending on the season was found in animals of strong balanced inert and weak types of higher nervous activity (by 27.4%, P < 0.001 and 24.0%, P < 0.001 respectively). While in animals of strong balanced mobile and strong unbalanced types of higher nervous activity the content of vitamin C in blood serum was lower by 23.2% (P < 0.001) and 21.7% (P < 0.001), respectively. The content of fat-soluble vitamins in blood serum of cows with different types of higher nervous activity is also largely dependent on the season. Thus, the content of tocopherol was lower in the winter season by 35.8–41.6% (P < 0.001) depending on the type of higher nervous activity. And the retinol content was lower by 49.2–55.3% (P FU=3.0; P FU = 3.0; P < 0.05. However, the main properties of cortical processes did not have a significant influence on the content of retinol in blood serum – F = 2.8 < FU = 3.0; P = 0.06. The season has a significant influence on the content of the above mentioned vitamins – F = 126–348 > FU = 4.3; P < 0.001, which is obviously due to the level of supply the animal’s body with vitamins during different seasons. It should be noted that there is no relationship between the sources of variation (type of higher nervous activity and season), which obviously testifies to the absence of influence of the seasons on the main features of cortical processes (F = 0.37–1.64 < FU = 3.0; P = 0.208–0.775). Thus, the influence of the main features of cortical processes on the content of ascorbic acid, retinol and tocopherol in blood serum of cows is found. In animals of weak type of higher nervous activity the vitamin content in blood serum is lower than in animals of strong types. The lower content of ascorbic acid, retinol and tocopherol in blood serum of cows in the winter season, regardless the type of higher nervous activity, has been established.

Summary Eustrongylides spp. are the nematodes from the Dioctophymatidae family which are potentially dangerous for the mammal’s heath. The first aim of the present research is to describe the biology, developmental characteristics and epizootology of the Eustrongylides spp. nematode. Eustrongylidosis is a parasitic disease commonly occurring in the countries with temperate continental, tropical and subtropical climate. The Eustrongylides spp. parasites are biohelmints with a complex life cycle. The development of the nematodes takes place in the aquatic environment and includes a vast range of intermediate, accidental and definitive hosts. It has also been reported in humans. The second aim of the research is to describe the clinical and pathomorphological changes in organs and tissues of the infected animals, and influence of biotic and abiotic factors on formation of the natural centers of spreading of eustrongylidosis; diagnostics of eustrongylidosis.

The article shows the benefits of consuming wholemeal products. However, the level of consumption of these products is low. The reason is primarily the low quality of products: the rough structure of the crumb, rapid hardening. Therefore, there is a need to improve the quality of bread from wholemeal flour. The indicators of quality of wholemeal flour produced by national enterprises are investigated in the work. Analysis of packaging and labeling of test samples of wholemeal flour (according to the manufacturer) showed that some of them are produced in accordance with GSTU 46.004-99 (“Wheat flour. Specifications”), and the quality of other samples is controlled by the manufacturer's own specifications. It should be noted that there are no Ukraine's standards for wholemeal wheat flour. Standard GSTU 46.004-99 (“Wheat flour. Technical conditions”) apply only to wheat graded and dark flour. It was found that the ash content of the studied samples of whole-meal flour (WMF) from wheat and spellta grain is in the range of 0.80–1.46%; paricle size: the residue on the sieve No. 067 – within 0.1–1.7%, the passage of the sieve No. 38 – within 12–34%. The influence of particle size and gluten of wheat and spelta whole-meal flour on its baking properties has been studied. It has been found increasing the volume and porosity of the bread while the particle size decreases. The largest bread volume (400–460 cm3) and porosity (67–68%) had the samples of flour with the smallest particle size (sieve residue No. 067 not more than 1 %, sieve passage No. 38 more than 15–20 %). For samples with a larger particle size (sieve passage No.38 – not more than 15-20 %), the volume of bread and its porosity decreased by 1.2–1.3 and 1.1–1.2 times, respectively. Analysis of gluten quantity and quality effect showed that a rather high quality of wholemeal bread from wheat WMF can be obtained with a crude gluten content in flour of at least 24–26% with a gluten quality of Gluten deformation index (GDI) in a range of 60–80 units. For the production of bread from spelta WMF it is recommended to use WMF with a crude gluten content of at least 30% with a gluten quality GDI in a range of 60–100 units.