Described herein
is the iridium-catalyzed sequential C(2)-arylation
reaction and intramolecular C–O bond formation from azulenecarboxylic
acids and diaryliodonium salts, leading to the formation of 3-arylazulenofuranones.
The sequential reaction proceeded smoothly through generation of 2-arylazulene-1-carboxylic
acids derived from the iridium-catalyzed regioselective C(2)-arylation
reaction without the decarboxylation reaction.
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop for protein, oil, carbohydrates, isoflavones, and many other nutrients to humans and animals. But, antinutritional factors in the raw mature soybean are exist. Raffinose and stachyose are main antinutritional factors in soybean seed. Both raffinose and stachyose are carbohydrates, belonging to the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs). RFOs are not readily digested in humans and cause flatulence or diarrhea. The objective of this research is to obtain the information on raffinose and stachyose content according to genotype and environment. A total of twenty two soybean genotypes (11 cultivars, 3 germplasms and 8 breeding lines) were selected. Each genotype was grown in the field for two years with two replications and harvested in bulk at natural maturity for two years. Content of raffinose and stachyose was detected by HPLC. The raffinose content (g/kg) of 22 genotypes was 2.68±0.21 -5.87±2.43 in year 1 and was 3.24±0.37 -9.05±0.16 in year 2. The stachyose content (g/kg) was 4.23±0.98 -27.68±9.90 at year 1 and was 5.11±1.09 -25.32±0.35 in year 2. Genotype and environment have highly significant effects on raffinose and stachyose content. Three genotypes (Da-7, 116-13, and RS-78) have low stachyose content at 5% significant level in two years. A positive correlation (R 2 =0.1985*) between raffinose and stachyose was observed in year 2. These informations are valuable in soybean genetics and breeding program related with raffinose and stachyose content.
Keywords
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT dlm mutant newly identified displays necrotic spots with chlorotic halo despite the absence of any detectable pathogens in soybean. Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) protein of mature soybean seed is a main anti-nutritional factor and is controlled by Ti allele in soybean seed. The objective of this research was to determine the linkage or independent assortment between dlm allele and ti allele. F2 population was made by crossing between "Gaechuck2ho" (DlmDlmtiti) and T363 (dlmdlmTiTi) parents. The normal leaf or disease lesion mimic leaf trait of parents and F2 individual plants was recorded at R2 and R3 growth stage from field. The random seeds from individual F2 plants harvested were analysed electrophoretically to determine the presence of the KTI protein. The disease lesion mimic trait was matched to 3 : 1 ratio at the 0.01 levels of probability. The absence of the KTI protein was controlled by a single recessive gene. In F2 generation, the ratios of 102 Ti_Dlm_: 21 Ti_dlmdlm : 24 titiDlm_ : 4 titidlmdlm were observed. Segregation ratio gave a good fit to the 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio based on F2 generation at the 0.01 levels of probability. The data confirmed that dlm allele controlling disease lesion mimic trait was inherited independently with the ti allele controlling absence of KTI protein in soybean.
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