Introduction:Early diagnosis and accurate treatment of candida infected patients helps to reduce the risk of infection and improves patient outcome. Candida isolation, speciation and its invasiveness can be determined by culture, antigen and antibody estimation, glucan estimation and PCR. The present study aimed at candida isolation, speciation and detection of biofilm production among various clinical samples. Material and Methods: Various clinical samples such as urine, pus, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, body fluids, tissue, oral and ear swabs etc. were collected from patients in a sterile container and transported immediately to Microbiology laboratory and processed according to standard protocols.

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Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is a causative agent in the vast majority of Urinary Tract infections (UTIs), including Cystitis, Pyelonephritis which may result in renal failure in healthy individuals and in renal transplant patients. UPEC express a multitude of virulence factors to break the inertia of the mucosal barrier. PURPOSE: To study the virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. METHODS: 200 E.coli strains from symptomatic cases of UTI and 50 E.coli strains from other clinical samples were taken as controls. Samples were screened for virulence factors like Haemolysin, Mannose resistant, Mannose sensitive Haemagglutination (MRHA, MSHA), Serum resistance and Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) by recommended methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. RESULTS: Among 200 E.coli strains 50(25%) were haemolytic, 60(30%) showed MRHA, 76(38%) showed MSHA, 98(49%) were serum resistant and 86(43%) were hydrophobic. Among 50 controls 8 (16%) were haemolytic, 2(4%) showed MRHA, 4(8%) showed MSHA, 16(32%) were serum resistant and 3(6%) were hydrophobic. The difference between cases and controls for MRHA, Serum resistance, Cell surface hydrophobicity production were significant (p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.01 respectively). Least percentage of resistance was seen to Imipenem (1%), Amikacin (2%) and Nitrofurantoin (5%). High percentage of resistance was found to Penicillins and Fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that UPEC exhibited one or the other virulence factors. Identifying virulence markers will definitely be of help to the treating clinicians as timely treatment of such patients will prevent unwarranted complications like chronicity, persistence and extension of infection to kidney.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot infections are one of the most feared complications of diabetes. This study was undertaken to determine the common etiological agents of diabetic foot infections and their in vitro antibiotic susceptibility. METHODS: A prospective study was performed over a period of two years in a tertiary care hospital. The aerobic and anaerobic bacterial agents were isolated and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined. RESULTS: One hundred patients with Diabetic ulcer were studied, of which 65 were males and 35 were females. Majority of patients were in the age group of 51 to 60 years (37%) and polymicrobial etiology was 64 % and monomicrobial etiology was 36%. A total of 187 organisms were isolated of which 165 were aerobic and 22 were anaerobic. Most frequently isolated aerobic organisms were Pseudomonas Sp., Klebsiella Sp., E coli Sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The common anaerobic organisms isolated were Peptostreptococcus Sp. And Bacterioids Sp. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of multi-drug resistant pathogens was observed. Amikacin, Imipenem were active against gram-negative bacilli, while vancomycin was found to be active against gram-positive bacteria.