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Physicians performing injection treatments such as botulinum toxin type A and dermal filler injection to the posterior frontal area should be aware of the various distributions of the Fbr.

This study provides new anatomical insight into the relationships between the facial artery branches and the facial muscles, including providing useful information for clinical applications in the fields of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

This detailed vascular anatomy of the facial artery will promote safe clinical manipulations during injectable treatments to the nasolabial fold and nasojugal groove.

Multidirectional instability of the shoulder is a complex condition that can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Clinically, it is characterized by symptomatic global laxity of the glenohumeral joint and may present either traumatically or atraumatically, unilaterally or bilaterally, and with or without generalized joint laxity. Capsular plication is a primary treatment option in these patients and is used to tension the redundant or lax capsule. We evaluated the role of rotator interval closure in restoring stability as a primary procedure in patients with multidirectional instability and a positive and painful sulcus sign.Twenty adult patients (16 men and 4 women) presenting with multidirectional instability were evaluated clinically and radiologically to assess the degree and direction of instability, were treated by arthroscopic rotator interval closure and inferior capsular plication, and were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Clinical and functional results were excellent at 2-year follow-up. The results of the study indicate that the closure of the rotator interval in patients with symptomatic inferior instability will have a long-lasting effect on the stability and function of the shoulder, as the closure improves not only the static restraints but also the dynamic restraints of the shoulder through the improved proprioception secondary to restoration of the rotator interval structures.

To avoid damaging the Mbr, surgical maneuvers should be positioned 4.5 cm anterior to the Go and 2 cm below the mandible.

The infraorbital nerve (ION) is a cardinal cutaneous nerve that provides general sensation to the mid face. Its twigs are vulnerable to iatrogenic damage during medical and dental manipulations. The aims of this study were to elucidate the distribution pattern of the ION and thus help to prevent nerve damage during medical procedures and to enable accurate prognostic evaluation where complications do occur. This was achieved by treating 7 human hemifaces with the Sihler modified staining protocol, which enables clear visualization of the course and distribution of nerves without the accidental displacement of these structures that can occur during classic dissection. The twigs of the ION can be classified into the usual 5 groups: inferior palpebral, innervating the lower eyelid in a fan-shaped area; external and internal nasal, reaching the nosewing and philtrum including the septal area between the nostrils, respectively; as well as medial and lateral superior labial, supplying the superior labial area from the midline to the mouth corner. Of particular note, the superior labial twigs fully innervated the infraorbital triangle formed by the infraorbital foramen, the most lateral point of the nosewing, and the mouth corner. In the superior 3-quarter area, the ION twigs made anastomoses with the buccal branches of the facial nerve, forming an infraorbital nervous plexus. The infraorbital triangle may be considered a dangerous zone with respect to the risk for iatrogenic complications associated with the various medical interventions such as implant placement.

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