This work was designed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity ofE. pulcherrimamethanol extract. Mean lethal dose (LD50) and subchronic toxicity were determined using Lorke’s method to assess the effect of the extract on kidney and liver functions along histopathology assessment of the liver and kidney, respectively. The LD50determined was 3807.89 mg/kg both orally and intraperitoneally. The kidney function parameters indicated elevation of the serum urea above the normal value in both control and the group treated with 10 mg/kg of the extract with mean values of 7.92 ± 1.19 and 7.86 ± 1.14 mMol/L, respectively. The creatinine and electrolytes were within the normal values. The results of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin in all cases were within the normal values. Kidney, liver function parameters, and relative organ weight were statistically insignificant across all groups. This shows that various concentrations ofE. pulcherrimaextract did not influence negatively the liver and kidney function parameters. Further studies are required to rule out the observed mild hepatic histological changes among a few members of the groups treated with 100 and 1000 mg/kg/day and any possible hepatoprotective and nephron-protective potential the extract may possess.
The aim of this study is to carry out preliminary investigation of bioactive compounds and bioautographic studies of whole plant extract ofEuphorbia pulcherrimaonEscherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Salmonella typhi, andPseudomonas aeruginosa. Tukey HSD test of hierarchy for the effect of different solvents crude extract on bacterial isolates indicates the methanol extract as the most bioactive. The Tukey HSD analysis also showed that the bioactivities of the crude extracts of the various parts ofEuphorbia pulcherrimawere part dependent and the whole plant was the most bioactive. The ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of the whole plant ofEuphorbia pulcherrimahas been shown in this work to contain phytochemicals which have shown remarkable activities againstEscherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Salmonella typhi, andPseudomonas aeruginosa. The bioactivities against the test organisms were due to the combined effects of the compounds separated on TLC plates. Families of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin, and steroids that were detected in the extracts were identified by GC-MS. The various classes of phytochemicals in theE. pulcherrimaplant provided the antimicrobial potency of the plant.
Purpose of this study: This study has been carried out to explore the medicinal significance of Tagetes patula by evaluating its in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and toxicological effects. Pharmacognostic standardization is done to maintain the purity and quality of the drug. Methodology: Pharmacognostic studies (macro morphology and microscopy i.e. Histology and powder microscopy), solubility and color reaction of T.patula were carried out followed by in vitro antimicrobial studies of ethanol extract of the flowers. In this regard antibacterial, antifungal, and toxicological studies were performed by well diffusion, Agar dilution, and larvicidal activity respectively. Results: Flower extract of T. patula showed good antibacterial effects against gram +ve and gram –ve bacteria except Shigella flexanri. Moreover it showed powerful antifungal effects against various human (Aspergillus flavus, Candida glabrata, Trichophytonlongifusus), plant (Fusariumsolani)and animal pathogens (Microsporumcanis). Moreover remarkable larvicidal activity was observed against brine shrimp at 100 and 1000 µg/ml. Conclusion: This research study makes the valuable medicinal plant a good candidate for skin infections and wound management for topical use.Such studies will help in formulating topical herbal preparations to combat inflammatory and infectious skin disease.
Background: Health care workers are respected in every society and have a strong influence on the behaviour of the community. In order to reduce the shisha dependence in the Pakistani population, it is necessary to evaluate the perspective of future doctors and pharmacists regarding this addiction as they become role models for the future generations. Objective: The aim is to compare the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of shisha use among medical students and pharmacy students in order to assess their support in the anti-shisha campaigns of Pakistan. Methodology: Cross sectional study was performed in four major medical universities of Karachi, Pakistan through a modification of the WHO global health survey questionnaire. Result: 398 medical students and 470 pharmacy students were included in the study which showed that currently 9.6% pharmacy students and 4.8% medical students used shisha daily (p = 0.000). Pharmacy students started shisha use in less than 15 years of age while this number was 29.5% among medical students (P = 0.000). Moreover, 44.6% pharmacy students and 50% medical students were not planning to quit this addiction within the next six months. 14% of pharmacy students and 20.4% in medical students (P = 0.002) were unaware that passive smoking caused lung cancer, while 23.4% pharmacy students and 33.5% medical students rejected it as cause of heart diseases (p = 0.006). Conclusion: A significant number of medical and pharmacy students were unaware about some of the serious consequences of shisha smoking. Therefore, both groups of students need to be educated about the health hazards of shisha use, in order to control this growing menace.
ABSTRACT… Ketoprofen is effectively useful in managing arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. This article covers the pharmacological uses, toxicology, contraindications, food -drug, drug-drug interactions and associated side effects of Ketoprofen that have been reported in literature in earlier years.
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