Background: cognitive impairment has been documented in adult diabetes but is unclear in pediatric diabetes. No study had been conducted to explore the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aDhD) and diabetes. Using a population-based data set, we aimed to examine the association between aDhD and a prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Taiwan. Methods: a total of 4,302 patients with aDhD were selected as cases and 21,510 randomly selected subjects as controls. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for having previously received a diagnosis of DM between subjects with and without aDhD. results: In this study, 116 of the 25,812 sampled subjects (0.5%) had received a diagnosis of DM prior to their index date. subjects with aDhD had a higher proportion of prior DM diagnoses than controls (0.9% vs. 0.4%, P < 0.001). after adjusting for age, sex, index year, geographic location, and obesity, aDhD was significantly associated with a prior diagnosis of type 2 DM (OR = 2.75, 95% confidence interval (cI) = 1.82-4.16). however, no significant association was observed between aDhD and type 1 DM. conclusion: The findings suggest that aDhD was associated with a previous diagnosis of type 2 DM.

Anoectochilus formosanus (AF) is a popular folk medicine in Taiwan whose pharmacological effects have been characterized. In this work we investigated the antioxidant properties of an aqueous extract prepared from AF. The AF extract was capable of scavenging H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner. We induced oxidative stress in HL-60 cells, either by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase reaction. Apoptosis caused by oxidative damage was displayed by DNA fragmentation on gel electrophoresis, and the apoptotic fraction was quantified with flow cytometry. The cell damage induced by oxidative stress was prevented by the plant extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase during the apoptotic process was also inhibited by AF extract. Our results provide the basis for determining an AF extract to be an antioxidant.

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