Dying primary liver, NIH 3T3, and HeLa cells can reverse the advanced stage of apoptosis and survive even after incurring DNA damage. Some surviving cells harbor genetic alterations that result in phenotypic diversity, including oncogenic transformation.

Anisotropic growth is observed for GaN(0001) during molecular beam epitaxy for both the stepflow growth mode and two-dimensional (2D) nucleation growth mode. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we find that in the step-flow growth mode, growth anisotropy strongly influences the shape of terrace edges, making them strikingly different between hexagonal and cubic films. In the 2D nucleation growth mode, anisotropic growth results in triangularly shaped islands. The importance of understanding growth anisotropy to achieve better grown GaN films is discussed.

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HIGHLIGHTS• Recent advances of micro/nanomotors in the field of cancer-targeted delivery, diagnosis, and imaging-guided therapy are summarized.• Challenges and outlook for the future development of micro/nanomotors toward clinical applications are discussed.ABSTRACT Micro/nanomotors have been extensively explored for efficient cancer diagnosis and therapy, as evidenced by significant breakthroughs in the design of micro/nanomotors-based intelligent and comprehensive biomedical platforms. Here, we demonstrate the recent advances of micro/nanomotors in the field of cancer-targeted delivery, diagnosis, and imaging-guided therapy, as well as the challenges and problems faced by micro/nanomotors in clinical applications. The outlook for the future development of micro/nanomotors toward clinical applications is also discussed. We hope to highlight these new advances in micro/nanomotors in the field of cancer diagnosis and therapy, with the ultimate goal of stimulating the successful exploration of intelligent micro/nanomotors for future clinical applications.

Tungsten oxide is one of the most important transition metal oxide materials, which possesses some unique properties such as electrochromic, optochromic, and gaschromic properties. In this paper, we report a simple method for synthesizing high quantity tungsten oxide nanoribbons by oxidizing a tungsten plate under moist conditions. Using potassium iodide as the catalyst, tungsten oxide nanoribbons with a thickness of 40-100 nm, width up to 1 µm and length up to hundreds of micrometres are obtained on a large scale. The morphology, composition and crystal structure of the nanoribbons are characterized by various methods, such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The nanoribbons comprise mainly monoclinic tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) growing along the [001] direction and the orthorhombic WO 3 (H 2 O) 0.33 . The measured lattice parameters are β = 89.93 • , a = 0.7274 nm, b = 0.7501 nm, c = 0.3824 nm for WO 3 and a = 0.7359 nm, b = 1.251 nm, c = 0.7704 nm for WO 3 (H 2 O) 0.33 , respectively.

Tungsten oxide W18O49 nanowires with diameters of 10–20nm were synthesized with high yield by thermal evaporation in a tube furnace. By heating tungsten trioxide powder at 900°C in vacuum (5×10−3torr), W18O49 nanowires with diameters of 10–20nm and lengths up to micrometers were produced with high yield on the Au-coated Si substrates located in the low temperature zone (550–600°C) of the furnace. The morphology, composition, and crystal structure of the nanowires were characterized by various methods. The conditions and the mechanism of W18O49 nanowire growth are discussed.

We observe a significant reduction of threading dislocations in GaN grown on vicinal substrates of SiC͑0001͒. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we find films grown on vicinal substrates maintain the surface misorientation of the substrate and display terraces with straight edges. On top of the terraces there is no spiral mound, which is the main feature found for films grown on singular substrates. Transmission electron microscopy studies confirm that threading screw dislocations are reduced by two orders of magnitude while edge dislocations are reduced by one order.

We report the synthesis of tungsten oxide W18O49 nanowires by thermal evaporation at low temperature without using catalysts. By placing tungsten powder in the high temperature zone at 650 °C and tungsten substrate in the low temperature zone at 400 °C of a tube furnace, W18O49 nanowires with diameters of 10–50 nm are produced with high yield. The nanowires extend to 500–1500 nm length, and the cross-sectional shapes are circular or polygonal. The roles of the source material, the pre-oxide layer on the substrate and the temperature of the reactor are also investigated. It is shown that the presence of oxygen on the W surface is essential for tungsten oxide nanowire growth.