Phenolic acids (PAs) are a dominant group of phenolic compounds in cereals, existing mostly bound to compounds of cell wall. In this study, a total of 25 cereal grain samples, including wheat, winter and spring barley, corn, and popcorn, were evaluated for bound PAs and antioxidant activity in a two-year field trial. The PA contents, determined by HPLC, were significantly affected by cereal type. The mean total PA content was highest in popcorn and corn (3298 and 2213 μg/gdm, respectively), followed by winter and spring barley (991 and 908 μg/gdm, respectively) and wheat (604 μg/gdm). Ferulic acid was the most abundant, accounting from 62% to 83% of total PAs (in popcorn and winter and spring barley, respectively). Across cereals, p-coumaric (35–259 μg/gdm) and p-hidroxybenzoic (45–79 μg/gdm) were also dominant, while in corn and popcorn o-coumaric (71 and 89 μg/gdm, respectively) also occurred in higher content. The mean total phenol content ranged from 853 μg GAE/gdm (wheat) to 1403 μg GAE/gdm (winter barley) with DPPH scavenging activity from 14% to 67%, respectively. A significant influence of crop years on the ferulic acid and total PA content was found, while the variability of other PAs was dependent on the cereal type. The results indicated a high health benefit potential of selected cereals.
Boron (B) deficiency in maize can result in barren cobs attributed to silks
being nonreceptive which is particularly important for the female parent in
seed production. The objectives of this study were 1) to investigate
genotypic differences among nine female inbred lines used in seed production
for B concentration in ear-leaf and grain, as well as for grain yield and
moisture in a three-year experiment (2006-2008) and 2) to determine response
and relations among the traits when four of the female inbred lines are
treated by foliar boron fertilization - three times in 10-days interval with
0.5% Solubor solution (17.5% B) during one growing season (2008). The
investigations were performed on Experimental field of Agricultural Institute
Osijek, (soil type: eutrical cambisol). Highly significant differences among
the nine female inbred lines were detected for B concentration in ear-leaf
(from 14.7 to 46.7 mg B kg-1) and grain (from 1.20 to 2.06 mg B kg-1) as well
as for grain yield (from 3.33 to 4.83 t ha-1) and grain moisture (from 14.7%
to 26.6%). However, there were also significant effects of growing season and
the genotype by environment interaction for all four traits. Positive and
moderate correlations were found between the boron status in plant and grain
yield. Although B concentrations were considerably increased by foliar boron
fertilization (averages 41.7 and 125.3 mg B kg-1 in leaves, 1.79 and 2.80 mg
B kg-1 in grain, for control and fertilization, respectively), in general
grain yield differences among treatments were non-significant. (averages 5.21
and 5.15 t ha-1, respectively).
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