Genotype-dependent responses of apples to drought stress were evaluated between commercial and traditional apple cultivars. The results indicate different mechanisms of tolerance to investigated drought stress conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence induction (OJIP) parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline, phenols and leaf water content (WC) were measured. The traditional cultivar “Crvenka” confirmed the best tolerance to a drought stress condition, presenting higher photosynthetic efficiency, higher leaf water content, higher levels of chlorophyll content and lower lipid peroxidation with greater membrane stability. The commercial cultivar “Golden Delicious Reinders” showed decreased water content in leaves, increased lipid peroxidation levels and photoinhibition. Considering all results, the commercial cultivar “Golden Delicious Reinders” was adversely affected by drought, while traditional cultivars exhibited better tolerance to drought stress.
This study was conducted (2010–2012) to analyse the efficiency of irrigation scheduling in maize production based on soil moisture measurements (Watermark soil moisture sensors) in years with extreme weather events at the research site of the Agricultural Institute in Osijek, eastern Croatia. Three irrigation treatments and four maize hybrids were studied. In the extremely rainy 2010, the highest yield of maize grain was obtained in rainfed plots (control = 9.24 t ha−1). A significantly (P < 0.01) lower yield (−8%) was obtained in fully irrigated plots (a3 = 8.59 t ha−1). This was opposite to the results obtained from the extremely warm 2011 and very dry 2012, when grain yield was higher as the amount of irrigation water was increased. Maize grain yield in the fully irrigated plot was 25% (2011) and 40% (2012) higher compared with the control plots (dryland). According to our results, the main factor for irrigation efficiency in extreme weather conditions is to properly determine the optimum level for soil moisture sensors and ground water level in relation to root depth.
Marković M., Filipović V., Legović T., Josipović M., Tadić V. (2015): Evaluation of different soil water potential by field capacity threshold in combination with a triggered irrigation module. Soil & Water Res., 10: 164-171.Irrigation efficiency improvement requires optimization of its parameters like irrigation scheduling, threshold and amount of water usage. If these parameters are not satisfactorily optimized, negative consequences for the plantsoil system can occur with decreased yield and hence economic viability of the agricultural production. Numerical modelling represents an efficient, i.e. simple and fast method for optimizing and testing different irrigation scenarios. In this study HYDRUS-1D model assuming single-and dual-porosity systems was used to evaluate a triggered irrigation module for irrigation scheduling in maize/soybean cropping trials. Irrigation treatment consisted of two irrigation regimes (A2 = 60-100% field capacity (FC) and A3 = 80-100% FC) and control plot (A1) without irrigation. The model showed a very good fit to the measured data with satisfactory model efficiency values of 0.77, 0.69, and 0.93 (single-porosity model) and 0.84, 0.67, and 0.92 (dual-porosity model) for A1, A2, and A3 plots, respectively. The single-porosity model gave a slightly better fit in the irrigated plots while the dual-porosity model gave better performance in the control plot. This inconsistency between the two approaches is due to the manual irrigation triggering and uncertainty in field data timing collection. Using the triggered irrigation module provided more irrigation events during maize and soybean crop rotation and consequently increased cumulative amounts of irrigated water. However, that increase resulted in more water available in the root zone during high evapotranspiration period. The HYDRUS code can be used to optimize irrigation threshold values further by assuming different scenarios (e.g. different irrigation threshold or scheduling) or a different crop.
Grain yield of maize is mostly affected by amount of available water and nitrogen and correlated to yield components. In this 2-years study the influence of different irrigation water amounts (a1=rainfed; a2=60-100% field water capacity (FWC); a3=80-100% FWC), nitrogen fertilizer levels (b1=0 kg*N*ha -1 ; b2=100 kg*N*ha -1 ; b3=200 kg*N*ha -1 ) and hybrids (c1=OSSK515; c2=OS5997; c3=OS5775; c4=OS5885) on grain yield and yield components was tested. Furthermore the correlation analysis as well as direct and indirect path coefficients were used to analyse the connection between yield and yield components (grain number/cob, grain weight, 1000 grain weight, cob length, cob weight) across tested treatments. The influence of all tested factors was significant (P<0.05) in both years of study. Specific study results were obtained in extremely wet year 2010 when irrigation water reduced grain yield and yield components (a1=9.9; a2=8.8; a3=7.8 t*ha -1 ). Opposite to year 2013 when irrigation water increased grain yield as well as yield components (a1=8.9; a2=9.7; a3=10.3 t*ha -1 ). Nitrogen fertilizer was significant to all tested variables in both years of the study (b1=5.7; b2=9.2; b3=11.7 t*ha -1 in 2010 and b1=6.3; b2=8.9; b3=10.6 t*ha -1 in 2013). Generally, the greatest amount of nitrogen fertilizer the larger yield or yield components are achieved. The influence of hybrid was significant for all tested variables with exemption to 1000 grain weight and grain weight/cob during growing season 2013. In both years of the study hybrid c2 OS5997 achieved the highest yield as well as yield components. Correlation analysis showed strong positive correlation between yield and cob weight (r=0.77 (2010) SažetakUrod zrna kukuruza varira u odnosu na količinu pristupačne vode i dušika te o komponentama uroda. Cilj ovoga rada bio je proučiti utjecaj različitih tretmana navodnjavanja (a1= bez navodnjavanja; a2=60-100% poljskog vodnog kapaciteta (PVK); a3=80-100% PVK), gnojidbe dušikom (b1=0 kg*N*ha-1; b2=100 kg*N*ha -1 ; b3=200 kg*N*ha -1 ) te hibrida (c1=OSSK515; c2=OS5997; c3=OS5775; c4=OS5885) na urod zrna i komponente uroda. Nadalje proučiti korelacijsku povezanost između uroda i komponenti uroda (mase zrna/klipu, apsolutna masa, broj zrna/klipu, dužina klipa, masa klipa). Svi čimbenici u istraživanju značajno (P<0.05) su utjecali na ispitivana svojstva u obje godine istraživanja. Tijekom ekstremno vlažne 2010. godine navodnjavanje je neočekivano snizilo urod zrna na oba tretmana navodnjavanja (a1=9.9; a2=8.8; a3=7.8 t*ha -1 ) dok je tijekom vegetacije 2013. godine urod zrna povećan na oba tretmana navodnjavanja (a1=8.9; a2=9.7; a3=10.3 t*ha -1 ). Gnojidba dušikom povećala je urod zrna na oba gojidbena tretmana i obje godine (b1= 5.7; b2=9.2; b3=11.7 t*ha -1 u 2010. i b1=6.3; b2=8.9; b3=10.6 t*ha -1 u 2013. godini). U pravilu urod zrna jednako kao i komponente uroda rastao je povećanjem količine dodanoga gnojiva. Hibrid je značajno utjecao na sva ispitivana svojstva s izuzetkom apsolunte mase i mase zrna/klipu tijekom ...
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