Genotype-dependent responses of apples to drought stress were evaluated between commercial and traditional apple cultivars. The results indicate different mechanisms of tolerance to investigated drought stress conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence induction (OJIP) parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline, phenols and leaf water content (WC) were measured. The traditional cultivar “Crvenka” confirmed the best tolerance to a drought stress condition, presenting higher photosynthetic efficiency, higher leaf water content, higher levels of chlorophyll content and lower lipid peroxidation with greater membrane stability. The commercial cultivar “Golden Delicious Reinders” showed decreased water content in leaves, increased lipid peroxidation levels and photoinhibition. Considering all results, the commercial cultivar “Golden Delicious Reinders” was adversely affected by drought, while traditional cultivars exhibited better tolerance to drought stress.
Abbreviations: ABS/RC -absorption flux (of PSII antenna Chl) per RC; Chl -chlorophyll; DAS -days after stress (drought application); ET0/ABS (φE0) -quantum yield of electron transport from QAto PQ; DI0/RC -dissipation flux per RC; DM -dry mass; ET0/RC -electron transport flux per RC; ET0/TR0 (ψE0) -probability that a trapped exciton moves an electron into the electron transport chain beyond QA; F0 -minimum fluorescence, when all PSII RCs are open; FM -fresh mass; Fm -maximum fluorescence, when all PSII RCs are closed; Fv -maximal variable fluorescence; Fv/F0 -the ratio between the trapping flux and energy dissipation flux of PSII; Fv/Fm -maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry; M0 -approximated initial slope of the fluorescence transient; MDA -malondialdehyde content; OEC -oxygen-evolving complex; PIABS -performance index for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PSII until the reduction of intersystem electron acceptors; PItotal -performance index for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PSII until the reduction of PSI end acceptors; PQ -plastoquinone; PQH2 -plastoquinol; RC -reaction centre; RE0/ABS (φR0) -quantum yield of electron transport from QAto final PSI acceptors; RE0/ET0 (δR0) -efficiency with which an electron can move from the reduced intersystem electron acceptors to the PSI end electron acceptors; RE0/RC -electron flux reducing end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side per reaction centre; ROS -reactive oxygen species; Sm -normalized total complementary area above the OJIP transient (reflecting single-turnover QA reduction events); TR0/RC -trapping flux per PSII RC; VI -relative variable fluorescence at 30 ms (I-step); VJ -relative variable fluorescence at 2 ms (J-step); VOP -relative variable fluorescence between O-and P-steps; WC -water content; WOJ -relative variable fluorescence between O-and J-steps; WOK -relative variable fluorescence between O-and K-steps.
Very little is known about the physiological interactions between wheat quality and Fusarium head blight (FHB), which substantially reduces wheat grain yield and quality worldwide. In order to investigate stress-induced changes in flag leaves from plants artificially inoculated with Fusarium, we screened for chlorophyll a fluorescence transient at 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 days after Fusarium inoculation. Our results indicate that the maximum quantum yield of photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the performance index (PI) were not affected by FHB, but there were significant differences in those two traits between different varieties and measurement times. FHB caused a significant reduction in the percentage of glutenins (GLU), high-molecular-weight (HMW), and low-molecular-weight (LMW) subunits in ‘Kraljica’ and ‘Golubica’, unlike ‘Vulkan’, where the percentage of GLU increased.
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