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PhNR is a sensitive indicator of the function of inner retina in diabetic patients. There is a potential role for the PhNR in assessing inner retinal damage and evaluating the effect of treatment in NPDR.

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The photopic negative response (PhNR) has recently been shown to be severely affected in central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), despite relative preservation of the cone b-wave compared to that in the healthy unaffected fellow eye. The aim of this study was to test how the PhNR of the flash electroretinogram (ERG) is affected in human retinal vein occlusion. PhNR was elicited with red stimuli (1 cd s/m2, 5 cd s/m2, and 7 cd s/m2 with 4 ms duration) and blue background (10 cd/m2). Standard Ganzfeld flash ERG was produced according to the ISCEV standard for the clinical electroretinogram (2004). Sixteen patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 14 patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), and 16 controls were analyzed. The amplitude of the PhNRs was significantly smaller in the CRVO and BRVO eyes than those in the unaffected fellow or control eyes (p = 0.000). There was a significantly greater reduction of PhNR amplitudes than that of other waves including the OPs, rod b-wave, combined a-wave and b-wave, cone a-wave and b-wave, and 30 Hz flicker ERG. Thus, PhNR amplitude in retinal vein occlusion is severely affected. There is a potential role for PhNR in assessing inner retinal damage and evaluating the effect of treatment.

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Highlights Higher step count is inversely associated with the risk of premature death and cardiovascular events. As measured by accelerometers, 8959 steps/day (Q3) had a 40.36% lower risk of all-cause mortality than 4183 steps/day (Q1). As measured by accelerometers, 9500 steps/day (Q3) had a 35.05% lower risk of cardiovascular events than 3500 steps/day(Q1). These associations were in nonlinear dose–response patterns.

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