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A composite Fe 2 O 3 /C powder was applied as a negative material in iron/air batteries. The effect of charge current density on the electrochemical behavior of an electrode in KOH electrolyte without or with K 2 S additives was investigated. In KOH electrolyte, the discharge capacity increased in proportion to the logarithm of charge current density in the range of 10-40 mA cm −2 . According to an analysis of Tafel plots of the electrodes, the hydrogen evolution was found to reach its diffusion limit earlier than the reduction reaction of Fe(OH) 2 to Fe as charge current density increased. This was deduced to be the reason for the increase of discharge capacity with current density. But as the density increased further, the discharge capacity decreased because both above reactions reached their diffusion limits. When K 2 S additives were used, a similar phenomenon was observed, with a higher discharge capacity than that without additives. It indicated that the practical capacities of iron/air batteries could be increased through the depression of hydrogen evolution by optimizing the charge current density for the batteries. At a charge current density of 50 mA cm −2 , the Fe 2 O 3 /C electrode showed the highest discharge capacity of 810 mAh g −1 -Fe 2 O 3 in K 2 S-added electrolyte.

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Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy have been used to delineate the structure and function of the lamina propria mucosae in the rat jejunum. In silver-impregnated sections, the adepithelial surface of the lamina propria mucosae was framed by a sheet of reticular fibers (reticular sheet). Short-term (3-hour) immersion of jejunal tissues in 2 N NaOH solution enabled us to simultaneously view networks of reticular fibrils and fibroblasts residing in the subepithelial connective tissue under a scanning electron microscope. The reticular fibrils, which measured about 40 nm in diameter and were interwoven in dense networks, formed a sheet 2–3 µm thick. In the villi, this sheet contained numerous foramina ranging from 3 to 7 µm in diameter, through which lymphocytes, macrophages, basal extensions of epithelial cells and fat particles traversed. The reticular sheet in the domes of isolated lymphoid nodules was markedly porous, and many lymphocytes migrated into or out of the epithelium through the foramina. The foramina of the reticular sheet may participate in the communication between the intestinal epithelium and the lamina propria mucosae. It was noted that the foramina of the reticular sheet in the villi were surrounded by end feet of the cytoplasmic processes of fibroblasts. In addition, these fibroblasts were combined with lymphocytes or dendritic cells in the lamina propria mucosae.

Threonine phosphorylation accounts for 10% of all phosphorylation sites compared with 0.05% for tyrosine and 90% for serine. Although monoclonal antibody generation for phospho-serine and -tyrosine proteins is progressing, there has been limited success regarding the production of monoclonal antibodies against phospho-threonine proteins. We developed a novel strategy for generating phosphorylation site-specific monoclonal antibodies by cloning immunoglobulin genes from single plasma cells that were fixed, intracellularly stained with fluorescently labeled peptides and sorted without causing RNA degradation. Our high-throughput fluorescence activated cell sorting-based strategy, which targets abundant intracellular immunoglobulin as a tag for fluorescently labeled antigens, greatly increases the sensitivity and specificity of antigen-specific plasma cell isolation, enabling the high-efficiency production of monoclonal antibodies with desired antigen specificity. This approach yielded yet-undescribed guinea pig monoclonal antibodies against threonine 18-phosphorylated p53 and threonine 68-phosphorylated CHK2 with high affinity and specificity. Our method has the potential to allow the generation of monoclonal antibodies against a variety of phosphorylated proteins.