Rice plants are selective with their associations with bacteria that are beneficial for growth, nutrient uptake, exhibit induced resistance or antagonism towards pathogens. Cyanobacteria as bioinoculants are known to promote the growth and health of rice plants. The present investigation was aimed at understanding whether and how cyanobacterial (Calothrix elenkinii) inoculation influenced the rice plant growth and the culturable bacterial populations and identifying the dominant culturable "microbiome" members. The plant tissue extracts were used to enumerate populations of the culturable microbiome members using selected enrichment media with different nutrient levels. About 10-fold increases in population densities of culturable microbiome members in different media were recorded, with some isolates having metabolic potential for nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilization. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing of selected microbial morphotypes suggested the predominance of the members of Bacillaceae. Significant increases in plant growth attributes, nitrogenase activity and indole acetic acid production, and activities of hydrolytic and defense enzymes were recorded in the Calothrix inoculated plants. The PCR-based analysis and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations confirmed the presence of inoculated cyanobacterium inside the plant tissues. This investigation illustrated that cyanobacterial inoculation can play significant roles in improving growth and metabolism of rice directly and interact with the beneficial members from the endophytic microbiome of rice seedlings synergistically.

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Isoxazoles are an important class of organic compounds widely employed in synthesis and drug design. Fragmentation chemistry of the parent isoxazole molecule and its substituents has been the subject of several experimental and theoretical investigations. Collision induced dissociation (CID) of isoxazole and its substituents has been studied experimentally under negative ion conditions. Based on the observed reaction products, dissociation patterns were proposed. In the present work, we studied the dissociation chemistry of deprotonated isoxazole and 3-methyl isoxazole using electronic structure theory calculations and direct chemical dynamics simulations. Various deprotonated isomers of these molecules were activated by collision with an Ar atom, and the ensuing fractionation patterns were studied using on-the-fly classical trajectory simulations at the density functional B3LYP/6-31+G* level of electronic structure theory. A variety of reaction products and pathways were observed, and it was found that a nonstatistical shattering mechanism dominates the CID dynamics of these molecules. Simulation results are compared with experiments, and detailed atomic level dissociation mechanisms are presented.

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