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Specific emitter identification (SEI) is a technique to distinguish among different emitters of the same type using weak individual characteristics instead of conventional modulation parameters. The biggest challenge in SEI is to not only distinguish the different emitters with close modulation parameters but also to identify a specific emitter when its modulation parameters change significantly. For this paper, individual differences in pulse envelopes were investigated and four types of pulse envelopes were modeled. To exploit the individual features along with the pulse envelope for the identification of a specific emitter, an intrinsic mode function distinct native attribute (IMF-DNA) feature extraction algorithm and a joint feature selection (JFS) algorithm were proposed, which together constitute the final proposed SEI technique. Compared with four other feature selection methods, the proposed feature selection algorithm performed better for finding the most useful features for classification, which greatly helps in the reduction of feature dimension. Compared with radio frequency DNA (RF-DNA), IMF-DNA had a far superior correct emitter identification rate under similar conditions. A real data verification method was developed to verify the performance of IMF-DNA for specific emitter identification. The method achieved a correct identification rate of 85.3% at a sampling rate of 200 MHz and had an estimated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of approximately 10 dB.

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In this paper, direct model predictive control (DMPC) of the noninverting buck-boost DC-DC converter with magnetic coupling between input and output is proposed. Unlike most of the other converters, the subject converter has the advantage of exhibiting minimum phase behavior in the boost mode. However, a major issue that arises in the classical control of the converter is the dead zone near the transition of the buck and boost mode. The reason for the dead zone is practically unrealizable duty cycles, which are close to zero or unity, of pulse width modulation (PWM) near the transition region. To overcome this issue, we propose to use DMPC. In DMPC, the switches are manipulated directly by the controller without the need of PWM. Thereby, avoiding the dead zone altogether. DMPC also offers several other advantages over classical techniques that include optimality and explicit current constraints. Simulations of the proposed DMPC technique on the converter show that the dead zone has been successfully avoided. Moreover, simulations show that the DMPC technique results in a significantly improved performance as compared to the classical control techniques in terms of response time, reference tracking, and overshoot.

The Purpose of the current study to Evaluate the efficacy of intravenous ciprofloxacin with ceftriaxone for the treatment of bacterial peritonitis in patients of liver cirrhosis at PIMS Hospital Islamabad from January 2021 to June 2021 at Department of Medicine .A total of 260 patients of liver cirrhosis were selected for this study. Patients were randomly allocated in two groups (Group A and B). Patients aged 13 to 60 years of both genders with established liver cirrhosis, diagnosed on ultrasound abdomen were included in this study. Patients with hemorrhagic or malignant ascites, peritonitis, tuberculosis peritonitis, hepatocellular carcinoma and diabetes mellitus were excluded from study. In group A, 130 patients were given intravenous ciprofloxacin 200mg 12 hourly and in group B 130 patients on ceftriaxone 1g 12 hourly. Treatment was given for 5 days and efficacy of treatment was determined by means of evaluating clinical symptoms. The mean age of the patients in group A was 43.4±10.4 years and in group B was 44.2±10.2 years. In group A there were 90(70%) patients and 95(73.3%) patients in group B in whom spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was settled down. The Result of the current study suggest that Intravenous is as effective as ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Keywords: liver cirrhosis, ciprofloxacin, bacterial peritonitis, ceftriaxone