“…This article primarily focuses on the contrast enhancement techniques applied to coronary angiography images, with an emphasis on improving their quality by addressing issues such as low contrast. This study explores various techniques such as the Retinex Algorithm [30,31], Contrast Stretching (CS) [32], Gamma Correction (GC) [33], Histogram equalization (HE) [34], Local Bright Contrast (LBC) [35], Local Transformation Histogram Equalization (LTHE), Optimized maximum contrast (OMC) [36], Piecewise Linear Transformation (PLT), Sigmoid, Adaptive Histogram Equalization (AHE) [37], Bi-Histogram Equalization (BHE), Brightness Bi-Histogram Equalization (BBHE) [38], Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) [37], Dualistic Sub Image Histogram Equalization (DSIHE) [39], Logarithmic Transform (LT), Multi Histogram Equalization (MHE), Multi-Scale Retinex with Color Restoration (MSRCR) [40], Global Transformation Histogram Equalization (GTHE) [41], and Fast Local Laplacian Filter (FLLF) [10], and assesses their efficacy in enhancing the images before further analysis or diagnosis. This section of the article discusses the experiments conducted to evaluate the performance of noise removal and low contrast identification.…”