Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most deadly cancer. Global incidence and mortality are likely to be increased in the coming decades. Although the deaths associated with CRC are very high in high-income countries, the incidence and fatalities related to CRC are growing in developing countries too. CRC detected early is entirely curable by surgery and subsequent medications. However, the recurrence rate is high, and cancer drug resistance increases the treatment failure rate. Access to early diagnosis and treatment of CRC for survival is somewhat possible in developed countries. However, these facilities are rarely available in developing countries. Highlighting the current status of CRC, its development, risk factors, and management is crucial in creating public awareness. Therefore, in this review, we have comprehensively discussed the current global epidemiology, drug resistance, challenges, risk factors, and preventive and treatment strategies of CRC. Additionally, there is a brief discussion on the CRC development pathways and recommendations for preventing and treating CRC.

Infectious disease (ID) is one of the top-most serious threats to human health globally, further aggravated by antimicrobial resistance and lack of novel immunization options. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and its metabolites have been long used to treat IDs. Andrographolide, derived from A. paniculata, can inhibit invasive microbes virulence factors and regulate the host immunity. Controlled clinical trials revealed that A. paniculata treatment is safe and efficacious for acute respiratory tract infections like common cold and sinusitis. Hence, A. paniculata, mainly andrographolide, could be considered as an excellent candidate for antimicrobial drug development. Considering the importance, medicinal values, and significant role as antimicrobial agents, this study critically evaluated the antimicrobial therapeutic potency of A. paniculata and its metabolites, focusing on the mechanism of action in inhibiting invasive microbes and biofilm formation. A critical evaluation of the secondary metabolites with the aim of identifying pure compounds that possess antimicrobial functions has further added significant values to this study. Notwithstanding that A. paniculata is a promising source of antimicrobial agents and safe treatment for IDs, further empirical research is warranted.

Misuse and overuse of antibiotics are potential causes of the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance (ABR). Having information about the knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning antibiotics use by the public might help control ABR growth. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the levels and associated factors of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of antibiotics use among the public. A questionnaire was designed and validated, which consisted of a total of 51 questions with four sections: demographics (6), knowledge (20), attitude (12), and practice (13) to measure KAP. Univariate analysis (using Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis analysis) was applied to assess the differences in the mean scores of KAP. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with KAP. Finally, using Spearman analysis we have examined the correlation between responses to the KAP. The sample size of this study was 575, with a 99.96% response rate. Regarding knowledge, 73.12% of respondents stated that antibiotics could be used to treat viral infections, and 63.35% of respondents answered that antibiotics could reduce fever. Concerning attitude, 50% of respondents had considered stopping taking antibiotics as soon as symptoms had disappeared. In analyzing practice, we found 40% of respondents obtained antibiotics from a pharmacy without a prescription from a physician, a nurse, or a midwife. Statistical analysis revealed that KAP about antibiotic use was significantly associated with gender, area of residence, level of education, and monthly income (p < 0.05). Our findings concluded that men, respondents with low income, those with low-level education, and those living in rural areas are more prone to excessive use of antibiotics without knowing the adverse effects of improper use and how it can contribute to high ABR. So it is urgently necessary to strengthen policies on antibiotics use, including drug provision, distribution, and sales. In addition, people with low KAP should be a priority consideration in education outreach initiatives.

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Background: Antibiotic resistance is becoming a serious threat throughout the world. General community misuse and misconceptions in using antibiotics have been predicted to play a role in increasing antibacterial resistance (ABR). This study aimed to reveal the practicing antibiotic in the community, as information for national programs for reducing inappropriate antibiotic usage. Methods: This study was a qualitative phenomenology approach, and the data collection was with in-depth interview. Semi-structured interviews with the interview guide were conducted from June 2019 to December 2019. Interview responses were transcribed, categorized, and coded for themes by thematic content analysis. Results: We approached 26 participants. The most antibiotic used by participants was Amoxicillin and Supertetra®. Most participants did not know that antibiotics must be obtained from a pharmacy with a doctor's prescription. Even so, although some respondents already knew that antibiotics could only be obtained by prescription, some of them still get antibiotics without a prescription. Most informants got antibiotics from health workers (doctor-dispensed antibiotics, pharmacy staff, midwives, nurses) or non-health workers (stalls). Some of them used antibiotics as self-medication for reducing cold, flu, fever, pain, cough, headache, tired, and sore throat. Most respondents stopped their medicine when they were getting well, kept the remained antibiotics, and used it if they get sick in the future. Few participants shared their antibiotics to the family member. Conclusions: Misuse and misconceptions about antibiotics occur in the general community. It is essential to educate the general public on an understanding of how to obtain and use rational antibiotics.

Salah satu standar pelayanan farmasi di rumah sakit adalah waktu tunggu. Waktu tunggu pelayanan obat adalah tenggang waktu mulai pasien menyerahkan resep sampai dengan menerima obat. Waktu tunggu berpengaruh pada kualitas pelayanan dan kepuasan pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pelaksanaan Standar Pelayanan Minimal (SPM) Rumah Sakit dengan jenis pelayanan farmasi kategori lama waktu tunggu pelayanan resep rawat jalan di RSUD Kota Salatiga. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian non eksperimental dengan rancangan deskriptif (penelitian survey) terhadap pasien rawat jalan yang menebus resep di Instalasi Farmasi RSUD Salatiga dan pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Waktu penelitian yaitu pada bulan Januari -Maret 2016. Dilakukan penghitungan waktu tunggu pelayanan resep obat jadi dan obat racikan kemudian dilakukan analisis terhadap kesesuaian dengan standar pelayanan minimal kategori lama waktu tunggu. Jumlah resep yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 225 resep dengan 78 resep obat racikan dan 147 merupakan resep obat jadi atau non racikan. Waktu tunggu rata-rata obat racikan adalah 9,18 menit dan rata-rata waktu tunggu obat jadi atau obat non racikan adalah 5,70 menit. Hal tersebut sudah sesuai dengan standar pelayanan minimal yang dipersyaratkan oleh Kepmenkes No 129/ Menkes/SK/II/2008 tentang pelayanan resep baik obat jadi maupun obat racikan yaitu lama waktu tunggu obat jadi ≤30 menit dan obat racikan ≤60 menit , dan dari semua sampel yang diteliti tidak ada yang melebihi lama waktu tunggu seperti yang dipersyaratkan.

The COVID-19 pandemic globally impacted physical, spiritual, and mental health (MH). The consequences significantly affected students’ quality of life (QoL) too. This cross-sectional study assessed MH status and its relationship to the QoL of college students in Indonesia. This study collected data (September 2021–April 2022) online using the depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 (DASS-21) to measure MH and the world health organization quality-of-life scale (WHOQoL-BREF) to measure the QoL. The data were analysed using SPSS with a bivariate and multivariate linear regression test. A total of 606 respondents participated in this study, with the majority being women (81.0%), aged 21–27 years (44.3%), and unmarried (98.5%) respondents. We observed 24.4% (n = 148) moderate depression, 18.3% (n = 111) very severe anxiety, and 21.1% (n = 128) moderate stress status. The QoL measurement determined that a moderate QoL in the physical and environmental health domains (>70%) and poor QoL in the psychological health domain (58.3%) were found. Gender, age, family support, history of COVID-19 diagnosis, family with COVID-19 diagnosis, vaccination status, and physical symptoms are significantly associated with MH status and QoL (p-value < 0.05). This study demonstrated that COVID-19 was negatively related to college students’ MH and QoL. Targeted interventions may be needed to ameliorate both MH and QoL.

Objective: Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem worldwide. One cause of antibacterial resistance is the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Thestudy of antibiotic use in hospitals found that 30–80% were not based on indications. Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) was developed tocontrol antimicrobial resistance. This study aims to evaluate the impact of ASP in pneumonia patients qualitatively and quantitatively pre-post ASPapplied.Methods: This research is a non-experimental study. Data were taken from the medical records of pneumonia patients and analyzed qualitativelyusing the Gyssens method and quantitatively using the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) method. Sampling was conducted through purposive sampling andresults were described descriptively.Results: During the study period, 96 samples were obtained with 48 data pre-ASP and 48 data post-ASP. The results of the qualitative analysis usingthe Gyssens method show an increase in the prudent use of antibiotics from 31.25% to 62.5% pre-post ASP, respectively. Quantitative evaluationshows a decrease of antibiotic use pre-post ASP from 90.84 DDD/100 patients-days to 61.42 DDD/100 patients-days.Conclusion: The ASP can improve the quality of antibiotic use in pneumonia patients quantitatively and qualitatively.