CircRNAs, as new members of long noncoding RNAs, have been the focus of recent investigation. CircRNAs feature a closed continuous loop structure without 5′-3′ polarity or a poly A tail. Many studies have reported the potential application of circRNAs in the clinic as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in different diseases, especially for cancer. Additionally, the exosomes are important vehicles in cell-to-cell communication. And exo-circRNAs are circRNAs in exosomes which can be detected to provide additional evidence for conventional diagnostic methods and can be applied to suppress the malignant progress in cancer. In this review, we describe the biogenesis, characteristics, and functions of circRNAs and exosomes. Specifically, we present a comprehensive update of the promising role of exo-circRNAs in anticancer therapy.

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Although osteo-inductive materials are regarded as promising candidates for critical-sized bone repair, their clinical application is limited by ambiguous mechanisms. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 signaling pathway, which responds to hypoxic...

PA28g is a nuclear activator of the 20S proteasome, which is involved in the regulation of several essential cellular processes and angiogenesis. Over the past 20 years, many amino acid sites and motifs have been proven to play important roles in the characteristic functions of PA28g. The number of binding partners and validated cellular functions of PA28g have increased, which has facilitated the clarification of its involvement in different biological events. PA28g is involved in the progression of various diseases, and its aberrant overexpression in cancer is remarkable. Patients with low levels of PA28g expression have a higher survival rate than those with high levels of PA28g expression, as has been shown for a wide variety of tumors. The functions of PA28g in cancer can be divided into five main categories: cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, metastasis and invasion, cell nuclear dynamics that have relevance to angiogenesis, and viral infection. In this review, we focus on the role of PA28g in cancer, summarizing its aberrant expression, prooncogenic effects and underlying mechanisms in various cancers, and we highlight the possible cancer-related applications of PA28g, such as its potential use in the diagnosis, targeted treatment and prognostic assessment of cancer.