While the association of hypoxia has been established in various types of solid cancers, little is known about its presence and existence in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in DLBCL and to analyze the association of these factors with several clinical and pathological characteristics. The immunohistochemical protein expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-A was investigated in 34 de novo DLBCL tumor samples from January 2017 to December 2017 from the Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology and Anatomical Pathology at Dr Kariadi Hospital (Semarang, Indonesia). The present study revealed by using immunohistochemistry (IHC), that hypoxic markers were overexpressed (88.2% for both HIF-1α and VEGF-A) in the vast majority of patients with DLBCL. Only in 4 tumors, was HIF-1α expression normal, and interestingly VEGF-A was negative as well. There was a significant correlation in the intensity of staining of HIF-1α and VEGF-A using our custom scoring system in surgically resected tissues (r=0.475; P=0.005). Both HIF-1α and VEGF-A were also associated to serum LDH and tumor diameter. Collectively, HIF-1α and VEGF-A were predominantly expressed in the majority of DLBCL tumor cells. The findings of the present study indicate the existence of hypoxia in DLBCL tumors similar to numerous solid cancers, and thus warrants further investigation to clarify its role as a potential pathogenic or prognostic marker in this type of hematological cancer.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy in women. Many studies report that the characteristics and prognosis of young-aged breast carcinoma are worse than in old age. Data on young-aged breast carcinoma in Indonesia is relatively lacking and always needs updates.Objective: To determine the incidence and distribution based on histological profiles and clinical stage, as well as the association between molecular subtype with grade and clinical stage of young-aged breast carcinoma (<40 years old) at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Center in 2018-2020.Methods: This research was an observational descriptive study using medical records of young-aged breast carcinoma patients which were recorded at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Center from 1st January 2018 until 31st December 2020. The data were processed with Microsoft Excel and SPSS.Results: The results showed that there were 110 patients consisting of 25 people in 2018, 37 people in 2019, and 48 people in 2020. The most common histological and clinical stage was IBC-NST with 75 people (68,18%), Luminal B with 53 people (48,18%). grade II with 71 people (64,65%), and stage IV with 45 people (40,09%). There is a significant association between molecular subtype and grade (p=0.003). There is no significant association between molecular subtype and clinical stage (p=0.704).Conclusion: The incidence of young-aged breast carcinoma at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Center in 2018-2020 was increasing every year. The most common histological profiles and clinical stage during that period were IBC-NST, Luminal B, grade II, and stage IV. There is a significant association between molecular subtype and grade.Keywords: Breast carcinoma, clinical stage, grade, histological type, molecular subtype, young age

Background Formaldeyde is main substance used for organ embalming and even for foods preservations. However, long and high exposure of formaldeyhde lead to various organs irritations. Honey is well-known for its natural preservative activity expected to be the soultion for the problem so there is safe alternative for organ preservations.Aim Observation and examintaion the difference of macroscopic and microscopics feature of Wistar rats liver after immersion of formaldehyde and randu honey.Methods Experimental with post-test only control group design using 24 male Wistar rats as sample, randomly divided into 4 groups consist of: Group C (preserved with 10% formaldehyde solutions), P1 (preserved with 10% randu honey solutions), P2 (preserved with 20% randu honey solutions) and P3 (preserved with 30% randu honey solutions). The sampels were preserved for 24 hours then macroscopic (smell,color and size) and microscopic study with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) stain  using 400x observation performed. Manja Roenigk score were used to accessed the degree of live microsopic damage.Results There are normal cells, mild damage, moderate damage and severe damage respectively in the group C: 36%,47%,17%,0% ; P1: 0%,27%,46%,27% ; P2: 0%,77%,17%,6% ; P3: 47%,33%,17%,3%. Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant results with p=0.000. With Mann-Whitney test, significant results were found between group C with P1 (0.000), C with P2 (0.006), P1 with P2 (0.000), P1 with P3 (0.000) and P2 with P3 (0.003). However, test result were not significant berween group C with P3 (0.684).Conclusions There were differences in macroscopics and microscopic features between Wistar rats liver after immersion in formaldehyde and randu honey. The best features showed in samples preserved in 30% Randu Honey solutions.

Objective: This study aims to determine the role of beetroot extract in overcoming the chemoresistance of Neoadjuvant Adriamycin Cyclophosphamide (NAC) regimens with a target immune response in the tumour microenvironment at the pre-clinical stage. Methods: This study was conducted on rats with 7,12-Dimethyl Benz (α) Anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary adenocarcinoma. Adriamycin Cyclophosphamide was given in 4 cycles, whereas beetroot extract was administered three times each cycle. Observations of CD8 T cells and Myeloid Derivative Suppressive Cells (MDSC) expression levels and pathological responses were carried out on tumour tissue taken at the end of the observation. Results: Supplementation of beetroot extract to NAC could significantly increase CD8 T cells and decrease MDSC in the tumour microenvironment. The addition of beetroot extract gave a better pathological response. Conclusion: Beetroot extract enhances the immune response in the tumor microenvironment so that it has the potential to overcome chemoresistance in NAC.

Background: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a state of systemic inflammatory activation by various causes. SIRS have a high mortality rate. Prolactin is known to regulate cellular function of immune system.  Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is simple, cost effective and easy parameter that currently used as inflammation marker.Objective: The aims of this study is to determine the correlation between prolactin serum with NLR in SIRS patients.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 50 clinically SIRS patients. Prolactin serum was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and NLR was calculated manually from absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte count measured by automatic hematology analyzer. Non-parametric Spearman test was used to analyze the correlation between prolactin with NLR.Results: Median value of serum prolactin level was 11.32 ng/mL (2.76-194.81), whereas the mean value NLR was 16.36 ± 11.58. The correlation between prolactin levels with NLR was r = 0.345, p = 0.014.Conclusion: There is a weak positive significant correlation between prolactin with neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in SIRS