This study aims to describe the teachers' obstacles in applying problem-based learning model in Mathematics learning of elementary schools. This method of this study was a qualitative descriptive. The data sources were three third-grade teachers of the elementary schools. The data analysis consisted of stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The results of the study show: in the planning stage, obstacles occur when teachers need careful preparation in making learning plans and determining problems at the beginning of learning. In the implementation phase, the obstacle that occurs is a lack of time in maximizing activities in all phases. The teacher finds it difficult to direct students to problems that require solutions. Teachers need enough time to organize students in group activities. Also, they have difficulty dividing time when guiding groups because students are still waiting for the teacher to explain to the group without doing it themselves first. Another difficulty faced is making students actively ask questions or respond to learning activities, and feedback from problem-solving is less profound.

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This research is aimed at finding out: 1) the influence of discovery learning model with RME approach on Mathematics learning achievement; 2) the influence of interpersonal intelligence on Mathematics learning achievement; 3) the interaction between discovery learning model with RME approach and interpersonal intelligence on Mathematics learning achievement. The research was conducted at one of the state Elementary Schools in Banjarsari sub-district, Surakarta. The method used in this research was quasi-experimental method with 2x3 factorial design. Hypothesis test was done by two-way variance ANOVA test with different cells. It can be concluded that the discovery learning model with RME approach gives better influence on the Mathematics learning achievement than the direct learning model. Students having high interpersonal intelligence category get better Mathematics learning achievement than those having medium and low category. The students having medium interpersonal intelligence get better Mathematics achievement than those having low category. There is no interaction between learning model and interpersonal intelligence on Mathematics learning achievement.

The aims of research consist of the following (1) to know need analysis of Curriculum 2013 instructional materials in elementary school (2) to develop instructional material based on multicultural values. The study employs descriptive qualitative method which the data are collected by interview, observation, and document analysis. The observation and interview results about instructional materials of Curriculum 2013 in some elementary school in Surakarta consist of the following (1) teachers need additional materials in order to deliver suitable material of Curriculum 2013 for students. (2) Teachers get difficulties in selecting suitable additional material. (3) Teachers need additional material which can develop students good characters by adding Indonesian multicultural knowledge in all subjects. By enriching and developing multicultural values for students so it can be integrated in instructional materials such as tolerance, nationalism, and spirit of unity in diversities.

<p>The aims of this thesis writing are: (1) to know the equipment characteristic of SSP based outdoor learning model CTL on living environment subject for XI grade of SMA (2) To know the expedient equipment of SSP based Outdoor Learning Model CTL on living environment subject for XI grade of SMA (3) to know the equipment effectively of Subject Specific Pedagogy (SSP) based outdoor learning model CTL on living environment subject for XI grade of SMA. This research was Research and Development. R &amp; D stage used 4D development model. This research was only focused on 3-D stage (Define, Design, and Develop). The disseminate stage was not done because the research aim was only reached the stage of product development. The effectiveness test used pre test – post test of learning outcome and ecological literacy reinforcement in experiment and control class and used N-Gain analysis and T-test. Based on the data analysis, the research result can be presented as follows: (1) the characteristic of SSP based Outdoor Learning by inserting seven components of CTL and insert of NEP dimension consisted of limits to growth, balance of nature, anti-anthropocentrism, and eco-crisis dimension. (2) Validating result from team expert showed the average assessment of RPP was 78%, including very fair criteria; the average assessment of module was 81%, including very fair criteria; the average assessment of LKS was 81%, including very fair criteria; the average assessment of instrument was 83%, including very fair criteria. (3) The effectiveness count showed an improvement of pre-test to post-test score was 0,538, while improvement in control class was only 0,392, so it can be concluded that experiment class used SSP based outdoor learning model CTL in learning process more effective that control class.</p>

This research is aimed at determining 1) the difference of learning achievement using problem-based learning through contextual teaching learning and direct learning in Mathematics learning; 2) the difference of learning achievement among high, medium, and low logical Mathematical intelligence; and 3) the interaction between learning model and logical Mathematical intelligence on the students' learning achievement in Mathematics. The research was designed using quasi-experimental study of 2x3 factorial design. The population of this research was the third-grade students of elementary school. The data of students' learning achievement in Mathematics and their logical-Mathematical intelligence was obtained using test. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The results of the research show that 1) Problem-based learning model using contextual teaching approach makes the students obtain better learning achievement than direct learning model; 2) the students having high logical Mathematic intelligence get better learning achievement than those having medium and low logical Mathematic intelligence, the students having medium logical Mathematic intelligence gets better learning achievement than those having low logical Mathematic intelligence; 3) there is no interaction between learning model and logical Mathematic intelligence on the students' learning achievement.

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