Tiga ratus sembilan puluh limasampel pohon terdiri dari populasi liar Elaeis oleifera origin Brazil dan Suriname, turunan hibridanya dengan Elaeis guineensis, dan silang balik semu pertama berhasil diamati untuk karakter asam lemak dan total karoten menggunakan gaschromatographydan UV spectrophotometry. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap lebih dari 648 buah tandan dalam selang waktu 17 bulan. Karakter komposisi asam lemak dan total karoten memiliki keragaman yang lebih luas dibanding varietas komersial di Indonesia saat ini. Populasi pseudo-backcrosspertama baik dari E. oleifera originBrazil maupun Suriname lebih berpotensi diintrogresikan ke dalam program pemuliaan saat ini dibanding populasi liar dan hibridanya disebabkan pertumbuhan batang yang sudah mewarisi sifat E. guineensis.  Berhasil ditemukan pada populasi pseudo-backcrosspertama beberapa individu dengan kandungan asam lemak tak jenuh oleat dengan nilai >50% dan kandungan karoten ³2000 ppm.  Analisis korelasi antar asam lemak juga dipaparkan dalam tulisan ini yang menunjukkan hubungan yang sedikit berbeda antara populasi hibrida dan pseudo-backcrosspertama, dan bila dibandingkan dengan populasi E. guineensis. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut seperti teknik kultur jaringan dan association studies untuk percepatan penggunaan material turunan E. oleifera.

In the assumption of oil palm breeders, virescens oil palm type has no real economic value. Therefore, the nigrescens is more considered. However, the virescens gives a visual cue that fruits are ripe without waiting to detach. In 2010, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI) successfully planted an open-pollinated population of Cameroon oil palm. The population was characterized for virescens type frequency, as well as the bunch components, quantity and quality of crude palm oil. The virescens frequency per accession was sufficiently wide, ranging from 3.33-65.71%, and was affected by the parent type, nigrescens or virescens. Most of the virescens's fruit form is observed to be of dura, except one sample, which was observed to be tenera. The mesocarp to fruit (MF) and industrial extraction ratio (IER) percentage are similar to the nigrescens dura, namely 37.7% and 9.5%, respectively. Its oil quality is better than nigrescens, and it has total carotene ranging from 155-1246 ppm. The oleic fatty acid is higher than 50%, and the palmitic is lower than 40%. Due to the ease of determining mature fruits, as well as the higher oil quality, virescens oil palm type is recommended to be introgressed in a breeding program.

No abstract

Usaha pencarian marka DNA yang berhubungan dengan sifat yang diinginkan pada Elaeis oleifera guna introgresi sifat tersebut ke genome Elaeis guineensis memerlukan marka DNA yang polimorfik. Untuk menghasilkan marka DNA yang polimorfik dengan jumlah banyak, identifikasi SNP genom dilakukan melalui pengurutan kembali (resequencing) 12 individu contoh populasi hibrida E. guineensis x E. oleifera (hibrida OxG), yaitu E. oleifera tipe liar, F1 hibrida interspesifik, pseudo-backcross dan material maju E. guineensis, menggunakan next generation sequencing (NGS). Read (urutan basa yang “dibaca”/merupakan keluaran mesin NGS) dari 12 contoh memiliki mutu yang baik dan 96% total read yang disaring dapat dilakukan demultipleks dan ditentukan pada contoh yang sesuai. Setelah proses penyaringan dan pemotongan, 84% read dapat digunakan untuk pemetaan genom dan menghasilkan 5,7X hingga 10,42X cakupan genom. Dari 34.410.224 SNP yang teridentifikasi, 98,7% diantaranya adalah varian non-coding, dan berdasarkan lokasi, 69,1% total SNP adalah SNP intergenic. Sebanyak 5.618 SNP dari total SNP yang dihasilkan dibuktikan menggunakan targeted genotyping by sequencing pada 500 individu contoh. Sebanyak 74% SNP yang digunakan bermutu tinggi yang dibaca pada setidaknya 95% contoh. Principal component analysis menggunakan SNP tersebut mampu mengidentifikasi setiap latar belakang genetik contoh. Pembuktian tersebut menyimpulkan bahwa identifikasi SNP yang dilakukan melalui pengurutan kembali menghasilkan SNP bermutu tinggi yang dapat digunakan untuk pengembangan marka DNA yang dapat diperbantukan pada seleksi populasi pemuliaan E. guineensis x E. oleifera.

The oil palm breeding program for the species Elaeis guineensis and the backcross Elaeis oleifera is running slowly because oil palm is an annual plant. Therefore, it is necessary to have an alternative approach that can accelerate the oil palm breeding program. The SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) genome-wide approach was then used to study the association between 18 phenotypes of bunch component in oil palm germplasm of E. oleifera from Suriname and Brazil Coari, some interspecific hybrids and some elite progeny of E. guineensis. The genotyping by sequencing (GBS) analysis produced a total of 459 million or approximately 798 thousand reads per sample and 3,252 SNPs were eligible for 456 genotypes. Using various association models, eleven normalized phenotypic data showed significant associations with 29 SNPs. Based on the annotations, 17 SNPs were related to genes wtih certain biological functions. Three SNPs were found to be at the exon of a gene, namely SNP4416, SNP349 and SNP3865, while the other 15 SNPs were at the intragenic to a gene. Four SNPs are common SNPs in phenotypes C16:0 and C18:1 as weel as in C20 0 and C20:1. This research shows the potential of SNPs that can be used as an alternative approach to E. oleifera backcross breeding, although further research is needed for validation purposes.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is currently the highest edible oil-producing plant in the world. E. oleifera is another species of oil palm that is not widely cultivated due to lower productivity. Oil extracted from E. guineensis has a balance ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids level, while E. oleifera has a higher unsaturated fatty acids. Long chain saturated fatty acids are more harmful for human health than unsaturated fatty acids. Gene encoding β-ketoacyl ACP synthase II (KAS II, EC 2.3.1.179) was studied, as this enzyme is responsible for biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Observation and analysis were conducted for KAS II gene and fatty acids content of E. guineensis represented by DxP Lame, DxP Langkat and CMR78 samples, E. oleifera represented by Suriname origin, and two hybrids (E. guineensis x E. oleifera (Brazil and Suriname)). The results showed E. oleifera Suriname had the highest concentration of oleic acid, followed by E. guineensis (CMR78). KAS II gene sequences alignment showed some genetic variation within E. guineensis and hybrids, while the high level of variation found between E. guineensis and E. oleifera was considered caused by species difference.

An Attempt to combine the superior traits of Elaeis oleifera and Elaeis guineensis have been done through an interspecific hybrid cross and followed by pseudo-backcross 1 (pBC1). Observation of vegetative morphology and bunch components are presented in this paper. Two populations of pBC1 E. oleifera from the Suriname and Brazil origin were planted in 1990, 1993, 1995, and 2005, and were intensively observed for vegetative morphological properties and bunch components in November 2016 to February 2018. The results showed that almost all the individuals of pBC1 grew upright such as E. guineensis, no longer growing horizontally like the wild E. oleifera and the interspecific hybrid populations. The datas showed that the Suriname population plant architecture are compact or smaller than the Brazilian origin including the height increment and the size of the stem, the frond architecture and its components. Similarly, the bunch components show that the pBC1 Brazil is slightly superior to Suriname pBC1.

Salah satu pendekatan rekayasa DNA adalah pengeditan genom CRISPR/Cas9 yang digunakan untuk perbaikan sifat diinginkan. Teknologi ini telah didemonstrasikan dan berhasil diterapkan untuk mengedit gen target pada berbagai spesies tanaman. Namun, kendala muncul pada proses memasukkan komponen CRISPR/Cas9 ke dalam sel tanaman yang tebal dan termasuk kendala proses mengkultur sel tanaman yang sudah diedit. Baru-baru ini dilaporkan keberhasilan nanobioteknologi dengan salah satu pendekatannya yang dikenal dengan magnetik nanopartikel pada upaya rekayasa DNA tanaman kapas. Gagasan memanfaatkan dan menggabungkan kedua paket teknologi tersebut muncul pada berbagai publikasi ilmiah terutama pada tanaman disebabkan kelemahan dan kekuatan masing-masing teknologi yang saling melengkapi. Hingga saat ini memang belum ada yang melaporkan keberhasilan memanfaatkan penggabungan kedua teknologi tersebut, namun pembahasan ilmiahnya dapat dengan mudah ditemukan dan sangat menarik perhatian para pemulia tanaman termasuk kelapa sawit. Kedua teknologi tersebut tampaknya layak diujicoba demi keberhasilan dan akselerasi pemuliaan tanaman tahunan kelapa sawit virescens atau pada karakter agronomis lainnya.