‘Contract Farming’, organised by the peripheral state and multinational agribusiness and financed by the World Bank and international lending institutions, is spreading swiftly in the Third World. Peasant household production is being transformed by this process. This transformation and its trajectory require appropriate theoretical analysis and close empirical examination. Such analysis is obscured rather than illuminated by those radical critics from the dependency school who insist that capitalist development in agriculture can only immiserate the rural poor, who regard the state as a tool of international capital and its dependent (comprador) bourgeoisie and who harbour romantic visions of the self‐sufficient peasantry. This article seeks to re‐examine the position of the dependency school, with specific reference to the peasantry and agri‐business, to develop a mode of analysis in order to comprehend the development of contract‐farming in terms of recent theoretical work on the internationalisation of capital, and to present some findings on the development of contract farming in sugar and tea production in Western Kenya.
This article examines the validity of some of the objectives of nongovernmental organisations (hereafter NGOs) that are based in the donor states and operate in the third world. The author has personal experience in the evaluation of several Scandinavian NGOs working in Africa and takes a somewhat sceptical position as to the capacity of such NGOs to ‘construct’ civil society in African states. Inevitably, such NGOs are part of a wider system of development assistance, and their field operations ‐ particularly if they are to participate in the development of long‐term sustainable development ‐ will both inevitably reflect the nature of this system and have to work closely with existing state structures. On the other hand, in this new phase, the NGOs are outsiders which are, in an artificial way, entering into a process which ought to be much more genuinely and organically evolving out of the local context itself. How this is to be achieved is beyond the scope of this article.
Possible sequelae to genital trauma were investigated in ten male victims of torture. Two of the victims examined showed testicular atrophy. No significant difference was found in the serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and protactin in those subjected to genital torture, when compared with a control group. Serum spermatocoagglutinins were not found to be increased in either of the two groups.
In a selected material of 228 patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD) the incidence of urolithiasis was 15% (95% confidence limit 11-21). The tendency to urolithiasis is significantly correlated to small-bowel resection and its extent and to obstruction in the urinary tract. On the other hand, there is no definite correlation to the duration or extent of the bowel disease. The significant correlation between urolithiasis and ileal resection is in agreement with the hyperabsorption of oxalate as an important cause of stone formation demonstrated by others. That local factors too play an essential role in the formation of urinary calculi is apparent from the increased incidence of urolithiasis in obstruction of the urinary tract. The incidence of urolithiasis was particularly high (22-25%) among patients with ileostomies. The few and negligible symptoms of and sequelae to, urolithiasis in CIBD encourage a conservative attitude.
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