“…Several potential candidate proteins, however, have been detected that localize to different regions on spermatozoa (e.g., head, tail) that appear during germ cell development or transit through the epididymis (Koide et al, 2000). The incidence of antisperm antibodies is also increased in men with a history of vasectomy (Linnet and Fogh-Anderson, 1979;McDonald, 2000), trauma to the genital tract (Daugaard et al, 1983;Rapaport et al, 1969), or previous genital tract infections, including nonbacterial chronic prostatitis (Jarow et al, 1990) and chlamydia (Soffer et al, 1990), and in men who have sex with men (Witkin and Sonnabend, 1983). Both IgA and IgG antisperm antibodies have been detected in seminal plasma, and in many cases such antibodies are detectable in seminal plasma but not in serum, providing evidence that antisperm antibodies are locally produced in the genital tract (Haas et al, 1996).…”