Objective: To describe the Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in Indonesian preschool children based on biopsychosocial risk factors. Material and Methods: This research is an analytic observational with a cross sectional design toward 506 preschool children aged 2-6 years at East Luwu Regency, Indonesia. The biopsychosocial data studied were gender, ethnicity, personal hygiene, child psychology, age, nutritional status, and dental and oral health behavior. These data were obtained through a questionnaire and clinical examination (nutritional status). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed. The statistical tests were performed at the significance level of 0.05. Results: Characteristics of respondents based on parents' origin, found that the majority of respondents were parents from Bugis tribes (68.4%) with ECC frequency of 72.2%. Regarding the visit to the dentist, 12.6% were afraid of the dentist, with ECC frequency of 71.9%. Most children had normal nutritional status (67%) with ECC frequency of 69.3%. Biopsychosocial factors, which significantly affect the Early Childhood Caries, were parents' tribe (p=0.022) and age (p=0.011). There was an association between ECC with brushing teeth before going to bed (p=0.049), use of mouthwash (p=0.002) and consumption of snacks (p<0.001). Conclusion: Biopsychosocial factor indicators are affect the Early Childhood Caries towards Indonesian preschool children.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes damage to the supporting structures of the teeth, and if left untreated, it can lead to impaired function, appearance, pain, and tooth loss. Periodontitis is caused by bacteria that adhere to and grow on the tooth surface. The “red complex” bacteria consisted of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. These bacteria will trigger an inflammatory response in the body. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an IL that acts both as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 is a stimulator for MMP production. To treat the periodontal disease can be through non-surgical therapy as well as surgical therapy, to maximize therapy, it is accompanied by antimicrobial therapy. However, because of the frequent use of antimicrobials, causing antimicrobial resistance in patients, the use of natural ingredients as additional therapy is very necessary for this study using Moringa leaves as a substitute for antimicrobials. AIM: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Moringa leaf in influencing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. The first benefit of this research is to provide scientific information in the field of dentistry regarding the effectiveness of Moringa leaves against red-complex bacteria P. gingivalis as a cause of chronic periodontitis through anti-inflammatory cytokine analysis. METHODS: The type of research that will be used is quasi-experimental with a post-test research design with a control group design. This study used a sample consisted of 30 Wistars (Rattus novergicus) and was divided into two groups based on periodontal tissue sampling as follows treatment group which was treated with extracts Moringa and control group with aquadest irrigation after bacterial induction in the gingival sulcus. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 and centrifuged obtain blood serum and serum cytokine levels (pg/mL) were quantified using a commercial ELISA IL-6 kit. RESULTS: This study obtained the results that there was a decrease in IL-6 in both groups on the 3rd day of observation (D3) where the treatment group given Moringa extract showed a greater decrease in IL-6 levels compared to the control group. There is a significant value in the comparison of IL-6 levels between the two groups with p-value: 0.000 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Moringa oleifera leaf extract showed the anti-inflammatory effect on inflammation induced by the bacterium P. gingivalis. M. oleifera extract can reduce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 induced by P. gingivalis bacteria in periodontitis.

Objective: To know the influence of handling child anxiety with modeling and reinforcement technique on changes in pulse rate in dental and oral care. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 53 children aged 6-12 years who first came to pedodontic clinic in dental and oral hospital education of Hasanuddin University. Anxiety level was measured using objective parameters, measurement of radial pulse. Measurement of anxiety level was done before and after modeling and reinforcement was given through three treatments: I: dental models; II: game and III: video modeling and reinforcement. Data analysis was done using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Friedman test. Results: There was a decrease before and after modeling and reinforcement. Before intervention, the average pulse rates in treatment I, II and III were 90.79, 88.00 and 88.38, respectively. After intervention, the average decrease in pulse rate of five beats per minute seen in the first treatment (85.15), a decrease of seven beats per minute on the second treatment (81.98), while in treatment III the average decrease was eight beats per minute (80.19) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Modeling and reinforcement technique effectively reduces children's anxiety levels for dental and oral care.

Objective: To determine the activity of anti-cancer and anti-proliferation of ethyl acetate fraction of ant nest plants (Myrmecodia pendans) in Burkitt's Lymphoma cancer cells. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in a pure laboratory experimental method using Burkitt's Lymphoma cancer cell culture. Gradual research begins with the determination, extraction and fractionation of ant nest plants, to test for proliferation barriers. Data analysis using two-way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc LSD test with a significance level of 95%. Pearson correlation test was conducted. Results: The results of testing the inhibition of Burkitt's Lymphoma cell proliferation with ethyl acetate extract treatment showed that there was inhibition of cell growth based on the concentration given, starting from the lowest concentration of 15.625 µg/mL. Likewise, the incubation time factor of 24, 48, and 72 hours showed that the longer the incubation time, the greater the inhibition of cell growth. Antiproliferation analysis of flavonoid ethyl acetate extract based on concentration and incubation time on absorption of optical density Burkitt's Lymphoma was statistically significant (p = 0.00). Conclusion: Ant nest ethyl acetate extract has the effect of proliferation inhibition on Burkitt's lymphoma cells.

Objective: To find out the effectiveness of catechin extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Material and Methods: The independent variables were catechin extracts of green tea (Camellia sinensis) starting from the 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1.2% concentrations. The dependent variables were the Minumum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Inhibition zone of bacterial growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Control variables were time, culture medium, and temperature. The sample of research were Porphyromonas gingivalis which has been bred and catechin extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) that extracted by maceration method. of research were Porphyromonas gingivalis which has been bred and catechin extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) that extracted by maceration method.. Results: At the 40%, 20%, 10%, and 5% concentrations, the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis did not change. As for the 2.5% and 1.25% concentrations, bacterial growth has occurred. Conclusion: Catechin extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) was effective in inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis.

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Cleidocranial dysplasia adalah sindrom yang ditandai oleh aplasia/hipoplasia klavikula dengan karakteristik malformasi kraniofasial dan adanya gigi berlebih (gigi supernumerary). Etiologi dan patogenesis sindroma ini belum diketahui secara pasti. Penyakit ini merupakan suatu manifestasi dominan atau resesif turunan. Terjadi dalam frekuensi yang sama antara pria dan wanita, serta tidak ada predileksi ras. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk menjelaskan perawatan saluran akar gigi insisivus sentralis rahang bawah pada pasien dengan Cleidocranial dysplasia. Kasus; Seorang anak laki-laki, umur 5 tahun datang ke Klinik Bagian Ilmu Kedokteran Gigi Anak FKG UNHAS dengan keluhan rasa sakit pada gigi anterior rahang bawah, diagnosa klinis pada kedua gigi insisivus sentralis rahang bawah adalah pulpitis irreversible. Hampir semua gigi yang telah erupsi mengalami anomali secara anatomis. Pada gambaran radiografi panoramik, tampak kelainan berupa erupsi beberapa gigi yang tertunda (delayed eruption) dan terdapat beberapa gigi berlebih (supernumerary teeth). Pada pasien ini dilakukan perawatan saluran akar pada kedua gigi Insisivus sentralis permanen rahang bawah. Sebagai kesimpulan, perawatan saluran akar pada kedua gigi Insisivus sentralis rahang bawah pada pasien sangat penting dilakukan untuk mempertahankan fungsi pengunyahan serta memperbaiki nilai estetik.

Caries in infant was influenced by their substrat. Substrats are the primary source of energy in bacterial colonisingprocess in oral cavity. Streptococcus mutans are especially the main cause of tooth decay. For 1-year-old infant theprimary nutritions are generally from breast milk or formula milk. This study was aimed to determine the differentnumbers of bacterial colonizations of S.mutan found in breast-fed infants from those found in formula milk. Thisobservational-analytics study used cross sectional study design was carried out to 60 infants who fulfil the inclutioncriteria of simple random sampling method,30 infants in each group from Integrated Health Centre in Kelurahan Antang,and the bactery on the saliva was evaluated in Microbiology Laboratory of Medical Faculty Hasanuddin University. Eachparent was given questionnaire which to asks the things related with this research and microbial screening was takenfrom saliva of 1-year old infant. The number of bacterial colonizations for S.mutans in breastfeeding group shows meanvalue 19.7 CFU/ml while the formula milk group was about 37.97 CFU/ml, so the consumptions of breast milk andformula milk in 1-year old infant show the significantly different number of bacterial colonizations of S.mutans in. Itwas concluded that colonization of S.mutans in breastfeeding group lower than formula milk group.