Cosmeceutical, a new term in the cosmetic industry, refers to cosmetic products that contain active ingredients and have medicinal benefits. Cosmeceuticals have attracted increased attention because of their beneficial effects on human health. Sea cucumbers, belonging to the class Holothuroidea, marine invertebrates, are rich in bioactive compounds, including saponin, chondroitin sulphate, collagen, amino acids, and phenols. These bioactive compounds have diverse functional roles as a secondary metabolite and these properties can be applied to the developments of novel cosmeceuticals. This review provides an overview the application of sea cucumber derivatives for cosmeceuticals. Further, prospects and trends of sea cucumber in cosmeceuticals industry were also discussed. The proper development of sea cucumber bioactive compounds will be helpful in cosmeceutical product development and industry.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still the leading mortality causes in the last decades. The ailments are multifactorial characterized by excessive clot (thrombus) formation in the blood vessels. Thrombus could be degraded through thrombolysis mechanism by plasmin activated by various fibrinolysis agents including, urokinase, nattokinase, or streptokinase. However, the use of these agents is restricted by relatively high cost, short half-life, allergic reaction, and bleeding effects. The search for more economical and safer thrombolytic (clot lysis) agents are essential to address the underlying problem in CVD therapy. Among Holothurians, H. scabra has been known to have the highest protein content making it ideal substrate for protease enzymes including fibrinolytic types with clot lysis properties. However, isolation of a proteases with antithrombotic activities either from tissue or from bacteria of H. scabra has not been reported. This study aimed to screen proteolytic and clot lysis activities of crude protease extracts from tissue and bacteria isolated from fermented intestine of H. scabra. Crude protease of tissue of H. scabra was extracted by cold centrifugation, which activity was measured using UV-spectrophotometer. Crude protease of proteolytic bacteria selected by clear zones on skim milk agar (SMA) medium was isolated from nutrient broth (NB). Extracts showing proteolytic activity were subjected to gravimetry-based clot lysis test. As results, crude proteases isolated directly from the H. scabra’s tissue showed low proteolytic activities, thus were no proceed to clot lysis activity test. Crude protease extracted bacteria could show both proteolytic and clot lysis activities. In conclusion, based on this screening study, intestine of H. scabra is a rich source of proteolytic bacteria, some of them could produce crude enzymes showing competitive thrombolysis activities with Nattokinase. Thus, they appeared to have more potentials to be developed as thrombolysis agent than those directly extracted from the organism’s tissue.
Among essential treatment of cardiovascular disorders are fibrinolytic proteases. Most thrombolysis agents are fibrinolytic enzymes from group of bacterial proteases. This work reports a potent bacterium isolated from fermented intestine of H. scabra, which could produce fibrinolytic protease with high thrombolysis activity. Bacterial selection was conducted based on proteolytic and fibrinolytic activities indicated as clear zone on skim milk and fibrin agar media, respectively. Crude proteases from the selected bacterial isolates were subjected to thrombolytic activity test based on gravimetric method, which results were confirmed after 7 repetitions. As result, 4 fibrinolytic protease-producing bacterial isolates HFSI-3, HFSI-4, HFSI-5 and HFSI-8 were obtained. Among them, HFSI-5 isolate identified as Bacillus tequilensis on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and morphological properties produced crude protease with the highest thrombolytic activity. The thrombolytic activity of crude protease produced by B. tequilensis HFSI-5 is worthy of comparing to that of standard fibrinolytic enzyme Nattokinase showing its potential as thrombolysis agent.
Techniques for producing Holothuria scabra or sandfish sea cucumbers from aquaculture have been developed rapidly in the recent years to address the issues of decreasing sandfish population and increasing market demand. During the process of culturing H. scabra, the early stages of sandfish (i.e. larvae and juveniles) are the most critical of the development. Therefore, the Research and Development Division of the Marine Bio Industry -LIPI conducted a study to assess the growth performance of juvenile H. scabra cultured in four different rearing conditions: (i) indoor concrete tank, (ii) indoor fiberglass tank, (iii) outdoor concrete tank with 1 mm hapa mesh, and (iv) outdoor concrete tank with 3 mm hapa mesh. Each of the rearing condition was set with an initial juvenile density of 15 juveniles per tank with a mean initial weight of 14 g, and fed ad libitum with a mixed feed consisting of Enhalus acoroides sea grass, Pennisetum purpureum napier and cow manure. The experiments were conducted for 20 weeks between April 26 -September 23, 2013. After the experimental period, juveniles reared in the outdoor concrete tank with 1 mm mesh show the best performance with respect to their survival rate (48.89 ± 3.85 %), mean final weight (22.07 ± 1.01 g), final biomass (162.05 ± 18.17 g) and specific growth rate (0.15 ± 0.03% per day). Further studies that combine rearing conditions with different bottom substrates as well as investigating the effect of light are needed to optimize the production of H. scabra from aquaculture.
Cardiovascular disease is among the largest contributors of premature mortality in the world caused by inflammation of blood vessels. The abnormalities provoke thrombus formation or thrombosis blocking blood vessels leading to strokes, heart attacks and coronary artery diseases. Increasing percentage of cardiovascular cases and deaths due to thrombosis has attracted researchers to look for newer thrombolysis agents. Commonly used drugs to treat thrombosis has been limited due to various side effects. Therefore, the search for sources of safer and cheaper fibrinolytic enzymes for handling thrombolysis continues. This study aimed to evaluate potentials of fibrinolytic protease of bacteria isolated from fermented seafood (sea cucumber) products as antithrombotic agents. Information was initially gathered from scientific publications identified using web-based tools including PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information), Science Direct (Scopus) and Web of Science (Thomson Reuters) using combinations of search terms including “fibrinolytic enzyme protease”, “endopeptidase”, “fermented food”, “sea cucumber”, “thrombolysis therapy,” “thrombolytic agent,” “fibrinolytic bacteria,” “fibrinolysis,” “protease producing bacteria,” “fibrin degradation,” “holothurians,” etc. We also searched for these terms in national and international organization technical reports and databases. This literature review reveals the prospects of fibrinolytic protease enzymes from bacteria from fermented seafood, particularly sea cucumber as novel antithrombotic agents.
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