Citriculture has been one of the most important agricultural activities worldwide. Brazil is among the five major citrus producers in the world, together with China, the European Union (EU), the United States, and Mexico. Together, these five groups are responsible for about 50% of the global citrus fruit production and this industrial segment is responsible for generating direct and indirect jobs. However, several citric diseases such as citrus canker, huanglongbing, citrus variegated chlorosis, and citrus black spot have been associated with annual losses of tons of fruits and orange trees impacting the global economy for decades. Citrus canker is caused by the Gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. and is associated with symptoms such as the formation of chlorotic rings in the leaves, stems, and fruits. Huanglongbing (HLB) is mainly associated with the Gram-negative bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp. and its main symptoms are the appearance of yellowish branches and deformed small leaves with yellowish spots. Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is associated with the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa and causes chlorotic spots with irregular edges on leaves and deformation of new leaves. Citrus black spot (CBS) is caused by the fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa and generates lesions on fruits and reddish-brown leaf lesions. Since citrus is important for global agriculture, the current review addresses the main features of these important diseases including their symptoms and transmission, as well as the diagnosis and control strategies that have been studied so far for application in the field.
Caryocar brasiliense, popularmente conhecido como pequi, é uma espécie que apresenta alto teor de compostos fenólicos com propriedades biológicas. Neste trabalho, o processo de extração assistida por ultrassom, de compostos bioativos das folhas do pequi, foi otimizado com planejamento fatorial Box-Behnken. Quatro variáveis independentes foram avaliadas: concentração da amostra (relação:líquido-sólido (L-S), proporção de etanol na solução (EtOH/H2O % v/v), tempo de EAU (extração assistida por ultrassom) e temperatura. A metodologia de Superfície de Resposta foi usada para apontar a variável mais importante no processo. Os resultados revelaram que a proporção EtOH/H2O (% v/v) tem o efeito mais significante na extração dos compostos fenólicos. A condição ótima para extração foi de etanol 60 %, tempo de EAU de 30 min, temperatura da EAU de 42 °C e L-S 18,7:1. Sob essas condições foram extraídos 6,30 mg EAG/g ES (n = 3) (mg de equivalente de ácido gálico/ g de extrato seco). Os valores experimentais observados confirmam a adequação do modelo empregado e seu sucesso para otimização das condições de extração.
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