An overview of the most threating diseases that affect worldwide citriculture: Main features, diagnose, and current control strategies

Abstract

Citriculture has been one of the most important agricultural activities worldwide. Brazil is among the five major citrus producers in the world, together with China, the European Union (EU), the United States, and Mexico. Together, these five groups are responsible for about 50% of the global citrus fruit production and this industrial segment is responsible for generating direct and indirect jobs. However, several citric diseases such as citrus canker, huanglongbing, citrus variegated chlorosis, and citrus black spot have been associated with annual losses of tons of fruits and orange trees impacting the global economy for decades. Citrus canker is caused by the Gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. and is associated with symptoms such as the formation of chlorotic rings in the leaves, stems, and fruits. Huanglongbing (HLB) is mainly associated with the Gram-negative bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp. and its main symptoms are the appearance of yellowish branches and deformed small leaves with yellowish spots. Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is associated with the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa and causes chlorotic spots with irregular edges on leaves and deformation of new leaves. Citrus black spot (CBS) is caused by the fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa and generates lesions on fruits and reddish-brown leaf lesions. Since citrus is important for global agriculture, the current review addresses the main features of these important diseases including their symptoms and transmission, as well as the diagnosis and control strategies that have been studied so far for application in the field.

An optical system to detect, surveil, and kill flying insect vectors of human and crop pathogens

“…citri 162 , which consequently has resulted in the emergence of insecticide-resistant psyllid populations 163 – 167 . Because there are limited therapeutic treatments available for infected citrus trees 168 , 169 , new control measures are needed for D . citri .…”

Levantamento populacional de espécies de cigarrinhas transmissoras da Clorose Variegada dos Citros (CVC) associadas às plantas de citros por meio de armadilhas adesivas

“…clorose contínua e restrita a algumas áreas da folha. Tipicamente, há também o desenvolvimento de bolsas de goma na face inferior do limbo que, ao romperem-se, produzem manchas amarronzadas (Santos Filho et al, 2010;Coletta-Filho et al, 2020;Barbieri et al, 2023). Além disso, os frutos se tornam pequenos, com tendência a produzirem em cachos, aparentam deficiência de potássio e são endurecidos, com amarelecimento precoce e lesões de cor marrom-escura (Santos Filho et al, 2010;Coletta-Filho et al, 2020).…”