Como citarHeringer ALS, Kawa H, Fonseca SC, Brignol SMS, Zarpellon LA, Reis AC. Desigualdade na tendência da sífilis congênita no município de Niterói, Brasil 2007 a 2016. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e8. https://doi.
Leprosy remains a public health problem in developing countries. Among communicable diseases, it is one of the leading causes of permanent disability. Brazil had not reached the goal of reducing cases to less than 1 per 10,000 population. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of leprosy cases in Brazil, using a literature review. The search strategy included the LILACS and MEDLINE databases with no language or period restriction. Ecological studies with spatial data analysis were considered as a criterion for the inclusion. We found 38 studies for review after the selection criteria. Among the epidemiological indicators of the disease, the most common was the new case detection rate. Several articles have explored the association between spatial distribution of leprosy and socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors. The most common unit of analysis was the municipality. The spatial distribution methods mostly used were: empirical Bayesian method, autocorrelation (Moran's I index) and Kernel estimates. The distribution of leprosy was very heterogeneous, independent of t h e unit of analysis. There was a decrease in the rate of detection and among under-15-year-olds, but some regions maintained high endemicity during the study period. The distribution and risk of illness were directly related to living conditions of the population. Improved access to health services was associated with increased detection rate in some regions. Spatial analysis seems to be a very useful tool to study leprosy and to guide interventions and surveillance.
BackgroundWe identified dengue transmission areas by using the Geographic Information Systems located at local surveillance units of the Itaboraí municipality in state of Rio de Janeiro. We considered the association among the house infestation index, the disease incidence, and sociodemographic indicators during a prominent dengue outbreak in 2007 and 2008.MethodsIn this ecological study, the Local Surveillance Units (UVLs) of the municipality were used as spatial pattern units. For the house analysis, we used the period of higher vector density that occurred previous to the larger magnitude epidemic range of dengue cases. The average dengue incidence rates calculated in this epidemic range were smoothed using the Bayesian method. The associations among the House Infestation Index (HI), the Bayesian rate of the average dengue incidence, and the sociodemographic indicators were evaluated using a Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The areas that were at a higher risk of dengue occurrence were detected using a kernel density estimation with the kernel quartic function.ResultsThe dengue transmission pattern in Itaboraí showed that the increase in the vector density preceded the increase in incidence. The HI was positively correlated to the Bayesian dengue incidence rate (r = 0.641; p = 0.01). The higher risk areas were those that were close to the main highways. In the Kernel density estimation analysis, we observed that the regions that were at a higher risk of dengue were those that were located in the UVLs and had the highest population densities; these locations were typically located along major highways. Four nuclei were identified as epicenters of high risk.ConclusionsThe spatial analysis units used in this research, i.e., UVLs, served as a methodological resource for examining the compatibility of different information sources concerning the disease, the vector indices, and the municipal sociodemographic aspects and were arranged in distinct cartographic bases. Dengue is a multi-scale geographic phenomenon, and using the UVLs as analysis units made it possible to differentiate the dengue occurrence throughout the municipality. The methodological approach used in this research helped improve the Itaboraí municipality monitoring activities and the local territorial monitoring in other municipalities that are affected by this public health issue.
BackgroundDespite young people being a key population for HIV prevention, the HIV epidemic amongst young Brazilians is perceived to be growing. We therefore reviewed all published literature on HIV prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection amongst 10-25 year olds in Brazil.MethodsWe searched Embase, LILACS, Proquest, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for studies published up to March 2017 and analyzed reference lists of relevant studies. We included published studies from any time in the HIV epidemic which provided estimates specific to ages 10-25 (or some subset of this age range) for Brazilians on either: (a) HIV prevalence or incidence; or (b) the association between HIV and socio-demographic or behavioral risk factors.ResultsForty eight publications met the inclusion criteria: 44 cross-sectional, two case-control, two cohort. Four studies analysed national data. Forty seven studies provided HIV prevalence estimates, largely for six population subgroups: Counselling and Testing Center attendees; blood donors; pregnant women; institutional individuals; men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) and female sex workers (FSW); four provided HIV incidence estimates. Twelve studies showed HIV status to be associated with a wide range of risk factors, including age, sexual and reproductive history, infection history, substance use, geography, marital status, mental health and socioeconomic status.ConclusionsFew published studies have examined HIV amongst young people in Brazil, and those published have been largely cross-sectional and focused on traditional risk groups and the south of the country. Despite these limitations, the literature shows raised HIV prevalence amongst MSM and FSW, as well as amongst those using drugs. Time trends are harder to identify, although rates appear to be falling for pregnant women, possibly reversing an earlier de-masculinization of the epidemic. Improved surveillance of HIV incidence, prevalence and risk factors is a key component of efforts to eliminate HIV in Brazil.
Este trabalho analisa as características de um dos lugares de transmissão de maior relevância da leishmaniose tegumentar na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, considerando sua configuração territorial e as relações desta com processos de organização do espaço. Utilizou-se o modelo de análise do processo de ocupação e organização do espaço urbano, em escala local, considerando-se as novas funções adquiridas pelos elementos espaciais expressos por diferentes relações de trabalho, uso do solo e valor da terra. Empregaram-se técnicas de geoprocessamento e de classificação de imagens obtidas por sensoriamento remoto, localização de domicílios e casos de leishmaniose tegumentar, associados a dados qualitativos sobre o processo histórico de ocupação e uso do solo. A análise mostrou áreas com distintas condições de vulnerabilidade, e que mudanças destas condições viabilizaram a produção da epidemia em um determinado período e sua posterior redução. O estudo contribui para o monitoramento da enfermidade em nível local e para a aplicação de medidas eficazes para as ações de vigilância e controle da leishmaniose tegumentar.
Objetivamos discutir a vinculação do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e do Censo Demográfico para conhecer o contexto sócio-ambiental da hepatite A, analisando a contribuição das variáveis ambientais e sócio-demográficas para ocorrência de casos notificados e confirmados da infecção. Também, com base nas informações individuais sobre os casos de hepatite A notificados e confirmados, obtidos no SINAN, discutimos o padrão de endemicidade no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. No estudo agregado, a unidade de análise foi o setor censitário e as informações do Censo 2000, associadas à localização dos 1.553 casos notificados e confirmados de hepatite A ocorridos na cidade entre 1999-2001. Observou-se um padrão epidemiológico entre alta e média endemicidades, indicando situação menos favorável do que a observada nos estudos soro-epidemiológicos. A média rank do número de domicílios com condições sócio-ambientais desfavoráveis foi maior nos setores censitários de sobre-risco para hepatite A (dois ou mais casos) com significância estatística pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. As variáveis sócio-demográficas mostraram ter maior influência do que as ambientais na ocorrência de casos: maior percentual de pobreza e de menores de cinco anos apresentou as maiores diferenças de médias rank.
RESUMO: Introdução: A ocorrência da tuberculose tem sido relacionada à organização espacial e à melhoria das condições de vida da população. Contudo, essa relação não é de forma direta, e o adoecimento por tuberculose envolve processos de diferentes níveis de organização. Método: Estudo ecológico que analisa a relação entre condições de vida e tuberculose no município de Niterói, Brasil. Foram criados dois indicadores, socioambiental e programático, por meio de análise fatorial e analisados por regressão no período de 2008 a 2012. Foram construídos mapas temáticos com os dados referentes à taxa de incidência e aos indicadores, para verificar o padrão da distribuição da taxa de incidência e desses indicadores no município. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram associação direta e significativa entre os dois indicadores com a taxa de incidência de tuberculose. O aumento em uma unidade no indicador programático esteve associado com um aumento na taxa de incidência em 7%. Já o indicador socioambiental associou-se com uma taxa de tuberculose 27% mais elevada. Discussão: Os resultados do presente trabalho foram consistentes ao constatar relação direta entre tuberculose e condições de vida no município de Niterói. Conclusão: Podemos concluir que a dinâmica da transmissão da tuberculose no município de Niterói pode ser explicada pela ocorrência da doença em áreas de periferia social consolidada e pela vulnerabilidade social de grupos específicos.
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