Reading Women’s Lives in Cookbooks and Other Culinary Writings: A Critical Essay Cet essai examine les points forts et les limites de plusieurs études récentes portant sur l’histoire des femmes et de la cuisine aux États-Unis. Les auteures de ces études s'intéressent aux pratiques culinaires par le biais de l'examen de simples collections de recettes et, surtout, de livres de cuisine publiés. Si elles démontrent de façon convaincante que ces sources, ignorées jusqu’à récemment, permettent de mieux comprendre l’histoire des femmes et les rapports sociaux de genre, leur analyse des manuels que les réformistes rédigèrent à la fin du XIXe siècle n’insiste pas suffisamment sur la façon dont ces derniers façonnèrent une image normative de la femme au foyer. Toutefois ces auteures soulignent avec pertinence la façon dont la construction politique, sociale et culturelle de la femme fut largement remise en cause dans les années 1960 et 1970. Leur corpus s'étend en effet, d'une part, aux livres de cuisine "ethnique" ; d'autre part, aux livres de cuisine écrits par des militants qu'ont influencés les mouvements féministe et écologique ainsi que la contre-culture.
In 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was created to protest against all forms of segregation, racial violence and economic oppression, and call for strict enforcement of the Fourteenth (1868) and Fifteenth (1870) Amendments to the Constitution, which provided former slaves with citizenship rights and equal protection under the laws, and granted black men the right to vote. Indeed, the platform of the "National Negro Committee," out of which the NAACP would emerge, laid particular emphasis on full civil rights for African Americans, equal educational opportunities, and the restoration of the right to vote, which had been denied to many Southern Blacks since the late nineteenth century. i The NAACP subsequently launched The Crisis Magazine,a Record of the Darker Race, ii a monthly publication meant to help in the fight for full civil rights and against stereotyped representations of African Americans. Black intellectual and civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois iii edited the Crisis from its creation until 1934. 2 In the first issue of the monthly, dated November 1911, Du Bois thus outlined the scope and intent of the magazine: it was to be "first and foremost a newspaper" that would "record important happenings and movements in the world which bear on the great problem of inter-racial relations, and especially those which affect Negro-Americans"; secondly, it would provide "a review of opinion and literature," and include "a few short articles." Finally, the editorial page would "stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race" and vigorously defend the "highest ideals of American democracy" (Crisis November 1910, 10). Evidently then, literature was not the main object of the magazine and, a few years later in 1927, arguing for the creation of a "purely literary magazine," African American writer and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston defined what, to her, were the limits of The Crisis and Opportunity, iv the two main African
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