Résumé La période de la Reconstruction, qui suivit la guerre de Sécession, s’acheva en 1877, lorsque les dernières troupes fédérales quittèrent le Sud. Ce que les Sudistes appelèrent la « Rédemption » avait déjà commencé avec le retour au pouvoir du parti Démocrate dans la majorité des États du Sud. Elle se poursuivit avec une politique de ségrégation, où la violence raciale, l’exploitation économique et la perte de pouvoir politique renvoyèrent les nouveaux citoyens à un statut proche de l ‘esclavage. Le Nord s’était largement désintéressé de la situation des anciens esclaves, et la réconciliation Nord-Sud de la fin du XIX e siècle passa par une écriture de la Reconstruction qui adoptait le point de vue du Sud. Dans cette interprétation, la Reconstruction avait représenté une période tragique pour les blancs du Sud, soumis à la domination de noirs ignorants alliés à des blancs corrompus. Malgré quelques voix dissonantes, cette écriture de la Reconstruction, qui permettait de justifier le traitement des Africains Américains, allait perdurer jusqu’à ce que l’on a appelé la « seconde Reconstruction », le mouvement pour les droits civiques des années 1950 et 1960.
Cet article examine les circonstances de publication ainsi que la réception des traductions d’Uncle Tom’s Cabin en France en 1852-1853. Le roman anti-esclavagiste de Harriet Beecher Stowe arriva en France par le biais d’éditions anglaises du roman et connut très rapidement un succès sans précédent. La publication presque simultanée en feuilleton de traductions du roman dans trois grands quotidiens parisien représente un phénomène inhabituel, de même que la parution de onze traductions entre 1852 et 1853. Un examen de la presse contemporaine et du paratexte des traductions permet de proposer quelques explications à la popularité du roman en France.
This article examines the early publishing history and the reception of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel in France. French translations of the novel were simultaneously serialized in three different Paris dailies, a highly unusual phenomenon in itself. Altogether, eleven translations were published in 1852-1853. Tentative explanations to the popularity of the novel in France can be obtained through an analysis of the contemporary press and of the paratext of the various French editions
In 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was created to protest against all forms of segregation, racial violence and economic oppression, and call for strict enforcement of the Fourteenth (1868) and Fifteenth (1870) Amendments to the Constitution, which provided former slaves with citizenship rights and equal protection under the laws, and granted black men the right to vote. Indeed, the platform of the "National Negro Committee," out of which the NAACP would emerge, laid particular emphasis on full civil rights for African Americans, equal educational opportunities, and the restoration of the right to vote, which had been denied to many Southern Blacks since the late nineteenth century. i The NAACP subsequently launched The Crisis Magazine,a Record of the Darker Race, ii a monthly publication meant to help in the fight for full civil rights and against stereotyped representations of African Americans. Black intellectual and civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois iii edited the Crisis from its creation until 1934. 2 In the first issue of the monthly, dated November 1911, Du Bois thus outlined the scope and intent of the magazine: it was to be "first and foremost a newspaper" that would "record important happenings and movements in the world which bear on the great problem of inter-racial relations, and especially those which affect Negro-Americans"; secondly, it would provide "a review of opinion and literature," and include "a few short articles." Finally, the editorial page would "stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race" and vigorously defend the "highest ideals of American democracy" (Crisis November 1910, 10). Evidently then, literature was not the main object of the magazine and, a few years later in 1927, arguing for the creation of a "purely literary magazine," African American writer and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston defined what, to her, were the limits of The Crisis and Opportunity, iv the two main African
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