The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the species on the toxicokinetics of cyanide and its main metabolite, thiocyanate. Forty-two rats, six pigs and six goats were dosed orally with 3.0 mg KCN/kg body weight, and cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations in blood were measured within 24 h. After the single oral dose, KCN was rapidly absorbed by rats and goats, with a time of peak concentration ( T(max)) of 15 min. The maximum plasma concentration ( C(max)) of cyanide was observed in goats (93.5 micro mol/l), whereas the C(max) of thiocyanate was higher in rats (58.1 micro mol/l). The elimination half-life ( t(1/2)) and volume of distribution ( Vd(area)) of both cyanide and thiocyanate were higher in goats (1.28 and 13.9 h, and 0.41 and 1.76 l/kg, respectively). Whereas the area under the curve (AUC) of cyanide was significantly higher in goats (234.6 micro mol.l/h), the AUC of thiocyanate was higher in rats (846.5 micro mol.l/h). In conclusion, the results of the present study support the hypothesis that the metabolism of cyanide and its main metabolite, thiocyanate, is species-linked, with the goat being more sensitive to the toxic effects of cyanide/thiocyanate.
Animal performance and health status are adversely affected by long-term cyanide ingestion; however, the effects of cyanide ingestion by pigs have not been fully determined. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of prolonged exposure to different doses of potassium cyanide (KCN) in growing-finishing swine. Twenty-four pigs, 45 days of age, were divided into four equal groups and treated with different doses of KCN: 0, 2.0, 4.0 or 6.0 mg per kg body weight per day for 70 consecutive days. The results showed a significant alteration in thiocyanate, creatinine and urea levels and in alanine aminotransferase activity of swine dosed with 4.0 and 6.0 mg/kg/KCN. Thyroid weight was significantly increased in those pigs from 4.0 mg/kg KCN group, but no change in cholesterol, triiodothyronine or thyroline levels were observed. Body and carcase weights, body weight gain, and bacon thickness were not affected by KCN treatment. The histopathological study revealed increased numbers of vacuoles in the colloid of thyroid follicles, degeneration of cerebellar white matter and Purkinje cells, degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells, caryolysis and pyknosis in hepatocytes, and disturbance of the normal lobular architecture of the liver in all treated pigs. Thus, long-term administration of KCN to swine affects several tissues and could adversely affect animal production.
Cyanide is a ubiquitous chemical in the environment and has been associated with many intoxication episodes; however, little is known about its potentially toxic effects on development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal exposure to potassium cyanide (KCN) during pregnancy on both sows and their offspring. Twenty-four pregnant sows were allocated into four groups that orally received different doses of KCN (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mg/kg of body weight) from day 21 of pregnancy to term. The KCN-treated sows showed histological lesions in the CNS, thyroid follicle enlargement, thyroid epithelial thickening, colloid reabsorption changes, and vacuolar degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium. Sows treated with 4.0 mg/kg KCN showed an increase in the number of dead piglets at birth. Weaned piglets from all KCN-treated groups showed histological lesions in the thyroid glands with features similar to those found in their mothers. The exposure of pregnant sows to cyanide thus caused toxic effects in both mothers and piglets. We suggest that swine can serve as a useful animal model to assess the neurological, goitrogenic, and reproductive effects of cyanide toxicosis.
ResumoO objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os efeitos sobre a cinética do cianeto, em suínos, em diferentes fases da vida, usando o tiocianato como biomarcador. Vinte e dois suínos, foram divididos em quatro grupos (60 dias da idade, 95 dias da idade, 80 dias do gestação e 21 dias de lactação), e receberam por via oral, a dose única de 3.0 mg /kg de peso vivo de cianeto do potássio (KCN
Autorizo a reprodução parcial ou total desta obra, para fins acadêmicos, desde que citada a fonte. Aos técnicos da histopatologia do VPT, Cláudio Arroyo, Luciano A. Bugalio , pela confecção das lâminas; DADOS INTERNACIONAIS DE CATALOGAÇÃO-NA-PUBLICAÇÃO(A Prof Maria Lucia Dagli pelo apoio essencial no estudo histopatológico dos órgãos e ao Prof. Paulo César Maiorka e seus alunos, pelo auxílio na análise histopatológica do SNC;Ao Prof. Dr Jorge Camilo Flório pela atenção prestada à análise estatística;Aos funcionários da biblioteca, pelo auxílio fornecido;Aos Funcionários da suinocultura, Sérgio, Dito e Tião, pelo apoio na execução desta pesquisa;Aos Funcionários do CEPTOX, Adilson, Marquinhos, Estevão e Thiago pelo auxílio na realização deste trabalho;Aos Funcionários da Segurança do Campus, pelos cafezinhos e rondas noturnas prestadas durante os experimentos;Às secretárias da pós graduação; Sandra, Claudia e Silvia;A todos os colegas de pós Ana Cristina Tasaka, Rosane Medeiros, Benito SotoBlanco, Isis Rueza, Maria Rita P. da Silva, Renato (Bozó), Débora (Magali), Carlos, Adriana, Marcela, Alexandra, Renata, Cris, Simone, Francine....A todos os estagiários que passaram pelo CEPTOX e amigos: Paula, Milena, Xexa, Nara, Luciana Lippi, André Gotardo, Elaine Lanzoni, Lúcia Manzano, Ester Leonila Reinerte, Breno Schumaher, Marcos Barbosa, Alexandra Nicolau, Ana Letícia Melito, Domênica Palomares, Altamir, Benedito de Sousa, Stella, Andréia e Heige...... e a todos aqueles que de alguma forma contribuíram, com atenção e carinho durante a realização deste trabalho, o meu mais profundo obrigado." A Alegria está na luta, na tentativa, no sofrimento envolvido.Não na vitória propriamente dita."Gandhi "Viva como se fosse morrer nunca;Aja como se fosse morrer amanhã."Lin Yutang "Se você cometeu algum erro, isso significa tempo de aprender e não de desistir." Chico Xavier O cianeto e os compostos cianogênicos são ubíquos na natureza e amplamente estudados pela toxicologia. A exposição prolongada a este íon tem sido associada à produção do bócio, de diversos distúrbios neurológicos, bem como alterações em outros órgãos, tanto em seres humanos como em diferentes espécies animais. Embora existam na literatura muitos trabalhos relativos à exposição prolongada ao cianeto, em diferentes espécies animais, muito pouco é encontrado em relação aos possíveis efeitos tóxicos durante o período perinatal; assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi o de determinar os efeitos da exposição ao cianeto de potássio (KCN) em suínos, durante a gestação. Inicialmente, realizou-se estudo toxicocinético, em suínos fêmeas, em diferentes fases, utilizando-se o tiocianato como biomarcador. Vinte e dois suínos, foram divididos em quatro grupos (6; com 60 dias da idade; 5, com 95 dias da idade; 5, com 80 dias do gestação e 6, com 21 dias de lactação), e receberam por via oral, a dose única de 3.0 mg /kg de peso vivo de cianeto de potássio (KCN). As concentrações do tiocianato no sangue foram medidas dentro de 24h. O tempo máximo (Tmax) e constante de eliminaçã...
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