Toxicokinetics of cyanide in rats, pigs and goats after oral dosing with potassium cyanide

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the species on the toxicokinetics of cyanide and its main metabolite, thiocyanate. Forty-two rats, six pigs and six goats were dosed orally with 3.0 mg KCN/kg body weight, and cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations in blood were measured within 24 h. After the single oral dose, KCN was rapidly absorbed by rats and goats, with a time of peak concentration ( T(max)) of 15 min. The maximum plasma concentration ( C(max)) of cyanide was observed in goats (93.5 micro mol/l), whereas the C(max) of thiocyanate was higher in rats (58.1 micro mol/l). The elimination half-life ( t(1/2)) and volume of distribution ( Vd(area)) of both cyanide and thiocyanate were higher in goats (1.28 and 13.9 h, and 0.41 and 1.76 l/kg, respectively). Whereas the area under the curve (AUC) of cyanide was significantly higher in goats (234.6 micro mol.l/h), the AUC of thiocyanate was higher in rats (846.5 micro mol.l/h). In conclusion, the results of the present study support the hypothesis that the metabolism of cyanide and its main metabolite, thiocyanate, is species-linked, with the goat being more sensitive to the toxic effects of cyanide/thiocyanate.

The Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine versus Thiocyanate on Pituitary-Testicular Axis of Juvenile Albino Rats: A Comparative Histological and Electron Microscopic Study

“…However, in contrast to this some authors considered this possibility is unlikely. As among all the parameters analyzed in reproductive toxicity, none showed significant differences between the control and experimental groups receiving thiocyanate [26].…”

“…Similarly, there is higher level of thiocyanate in the amniotic fluid which accumulates in the rat embryo. This may be due to the pH gradient in the maternal plasma, which is more acidic in relation to the pH of the fetus [26].…”

Rapid Field-Usable Cyanide Sensor Development for Blood and Saliva

“…The increase in thiocyanate concentrarion~. as cyanide is infused into the animal, is expected because of the large fraction of cyanide converted to thiocyanate as th~ major detoxification pathway of cy.tnide (Ansell and lewis, ·1970' Baskin et al .. : Sousa et al .. 2003). Aftenhe infusion is stopped.…”

Toxicidade do cianeto em suínos. Avaliação dos efeitos perinatais

“…A primeira etapa desse estudo procurou verificar os níveis séricos de tiocianato, pois este parâmetro é aquele utilizado como referência para o monitoramento da exposição prolongada ao cianeto (HASUIKE et al, 2004;POTTER;API, 2001;SETO;KATAOKA;TSUGE, 2000;SIQUEIRA;BARROS;OLIVEIRA,1996;SOUSA et al, 2003, SOUSA, 2004, THORNE, 2001, permitindo, desta maneira, melhor compreensão do comportamento deste ânion no organismo.…”

“…Várias são as metodologias empregadas para a detecção do tiocianato, em fluidos biológicos (BRUCE; HAWARD;HANDAL, 1955, CHEN et al, 1994HOLZBECHER;ELLENBERGER, 1985;BOROWITZ, 1995, KAGE;NAGAT;KUDO, 1996;SIQUEIRA;BARROS;OLIVEIRA, 1996;SOTO-BLANCO, 1999, SOUSA, 2000e 2004, SOUSA et al, 2003MÍDIO, 1990MÍDIO, e 1991TSUGE;KATAOKA;SETO;; dentre estas metodologias, está a técnica de espectrofotometria, inicialmente descrita por Pettigrew e Fell (1972) e posteriormente modificada por Siqueira et al, (1996) e Tominaga;Mídio (1990Mídio ( , 1991 WILSON, 1972;OSUNTOKUN, 1973;TYLLESKÄR, et al, 1995 (YANG et al, 1994).…”