This pilot study was conducted using a sample of 374 Portuguese occupational therapists to evaluate burnout levels and prevalence among occupational therapists as well as to relate those levels to practitioner age, gender, client age, years of professional activity, and area of practice. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory questionnaire (Portuguese version) and a sociodemographic questionnaire was used. Results showed that ∼23%, 44%, and 45% of occupational therapists presented with client-related burnout, personal burnout (PB), and work-related burnout, respectively. Higher rates of burnout were observed across all dimensions as the age of the professionals increased, with more years of working increased the client-rated rate, and client age increased the PB rate. Outcomes suggest a need to implement intervention programs to promote personal and organizational strategies to prevent burnout.
RESUMO: este artigo descreve e problematiza as características da Comunicação Social na Perturbação do Espetro do Autismo (PEA), tendo por base os critérios de diagnóstico do Manual de Diagnóstico das Perturbações Mentais, DSM 5. Destaca, entre outros aspetos, a fusão da interação social com a comunicação relevando a sua importância para a definição do diagnóstico e da intervenção em crianças com PEA. Confronta ainda as diferentes perspectivas que sustentam argumentos e críticas à classificação proposta pelo DSM-5. Analisa a especificidade da linguagem, do discurso, da pragmática, da prosódia da sintaxe, da morfologia e da semântica na criança com PEA, bem como as suas implicações na adequação e desenvolvimento das suas competências comunicativas. A identificação destas competências reforça a importância de uma intervenção o mais precoce possível, realizada nos contextos naturais, da criança e da sua família, que objetive a potencialização de níveis de envolvimento e participação da criança, promotores de oportunidades de aprendizagem e de desenvolvimento das suas competências comunicativas e sociais.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Educação Especial. Perturbação do Espectro do Autismo. Comunicação Social.ABSTRACT: This article describes and discusses the characteristics of Social Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) based on the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM 5. It highlights, among others, the merger of social interaction and communication and its importance for diagnosis and intervention of children with ASD. It also confronts the different perspectives that underpin arguments and criticisms to the classification proposed by DSM-5. It analyzes the specificity of language, discourse, pragmatics, syntax prosody, morphology and semantics in children with ASD as well as their implications for adaptation and development of their communicative skills. Identifying these skills reinforces the importance of the earliest intervention possible, conducted in the child and family's natural contexts aiming to enhance involvement levels and participation of the child, promoters of learning opportunities and development of their communicative and social skills.
2021). However, recent research has shown that environmental factors can increase the likelihood of autism's development and exacerbate its symptoms (Chaste & Leboyer, 2012;Ratajczak, 2011).One environmental factor that affects all children's development is diet (Whiteley et al., 2013). Autistic children have been shown to be especially susceptible to imbalances and abnormalities in gastrointestinal function (Adams et al., 2018;Peretti et al., 2019). Imbalances in gut function heavily influence the central nervous system through the brain-gut axis, and dysfunction of this broad neural circuitry can significantly impact the development of the higherorder cognitive functions that autistic children struggle with (Carabotti et al., 2015;Jones et al., 2022). Thus, many recent studies have attempted to elucidate the correlation between autistic children's behaviors and their diet (Adams
A avaliação das perturbações caracterizadas por padrões de comportamento e de desenvolvimento atípicos tais como as Perturbações do Espetro do Autismo é, no mínimo, complexa. Desde o diagnóstico à própria descrição de PEA que a contradição, incerteza e desacordo, surgem entre os vários profissionais e, apesar do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA, 2013) providenciar uma descrição cuidada do perfil sintomático da criança com PEA, a observação, a aplicação de checklists e de testes standardizados, conjuntamente com a família, continua a ser crucial para o desenvolvimento de um plano individualizado de intervenção. Apesar do aumento significativo da pesquisa sobre a PEA e dos rápidos avanços na ciência, a avaliação eficiente desta perturbação continua a ser um desafio, sobretudo, para determinar uma intervenção precoce efetiva.
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