Studies on the prevalence of social anxiety in sex offenders show mixed results. This may be due to social anxiety being heightened only in diagnostic subgroups of sex offenders, namely in paraphiliacs. In study 1, 72 mentally disordered sexual delinquents and 30 controls were screened for social anxiety with the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale by Mattick and Clarke (German versions). In study 2, 55 mentally disordered sexual delinquents were diagnosed with a structured clinical interview. In both studies, sex offenders were categorized as either paraphilic or impulse control disordered (without paraphilia) according to research criteria. Study 1 showed markedly heightened scores for social anxiety in paraphiliacs, particularly for social interaction anxiety. Study 2 found a high lifetime and point prevalence of social phobia in paraphiliacs for which corroborating evidence was again found in questionnaire results. Implications for further research, diagnostic procedures, and therapy are discussed.
Although theoretical assumptions and empirical evidence suggest an association between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial behavior or even antisocial personality disorder (APD), there is no study relating the psychodynamic aspects of BPD to antisocial behavior. In this study, the authors tested the correlation between the structural criteria of borderline personality organization (BPO)--that is, identity diffusion, primitive defense mechanisms, and reality testing--and antisocial features, neuroticism, and interpersonal problems. A sample of imprisoned violent offenders (N = 91) was studied using the Antisocial Personality Questionnaire (APQ), the Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI), the Neo-Five-Factor-Inventory (Neo-FFI), and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP). Significant correlations were predicted and found between the BPI scales of identity diffusion, primitive defense mechanisms, impaired reality testing, and fear of closeness and antisocial features, neuroticism, agreeableness, and interpersonal problems. The results are consistent with both object relations theory and attachment theory.
Zusammenfassung. Über die Testgütekriterien von Fragebogenverfahren bei ihrer Anwendung an Straftäterstichproben ist wenig bekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei Studien im Maßregelvollzug (N = 102) und im Regelvollzug (N = 91) vorgestellt, in denen das Inventar zur Erfassung Interpersonaler Probleme (IIP) und das Neo-Fünf-Faktoren Inventar (Neo-FFI) hinsichtlich ihrer Reliabilität und Validität untersucht wurden. Wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, lassen sich Zuverlässigkeit und Modellstruktur der Verfahren auch an forensischen Stichproben weitgehend replizieren. Einschränkungen ergeben sich beim Einsatz des Neo-FFI bei Probanden aus dem Maßregelvollzug. Mögliche Verbesserungen werden diskutiert. Weitere Studien zum Einsatz dieser Verfahren sowie eine Normierung für die Straftäterpopulation können empfohlen werden.
Zusammenfassung. Trotz des öffentlichen Interesses an der Thematik gibt es nur wenige aussagekräftige Studien über psychisch gestörte Sexualstraftäter. Letztere werden in der Regel nach Delikten (Vergewaltigung/Kindesmißbrauch) und nicht nach psychischen Störungen kategorisiert. Untersuchungsgruppen sind dadurch psychologisch inhomogen und die Ergebnisse vielfach nicht vergleichbar. In der vorliegenden Studie wird stattdessen vorgeschlagen, psychodiagnostische Kategorien heranzuziehen und danach zu unterscheiden, ob eine Paraphilie oder eine nicht näher bezeichnete Störung der Impulskontrolle vorliegt. Stichproben von n = 42 Paraphilen, n = 30 impulskontrollgestörten Sexualstraftätern und n = 30 Gewalttätern ohne Sexualdelikt werden hinsichtlich psychologischer Variablen verglichen, die für die Störungsdeskription von Sexualstraftätern als relevant gelten: Impulsivität, soziale Angst, Konfliktvermeidung und dysfunktionale Selbstaufmerksamkeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die vorgenommene störungsbezogene Kategorisierung der Stichproben eine bessere Differenzierung hinsichtlich der gemessenen Variablen erlaubt als eine deliktbezogene. Paraphile lassen sich durch höhere soziale Angst (Interaktionsangst), Konfliktvermeidung und dysfunktionale Selbstaufmerksamkeit kennzeichnen, nicht jedoch durch geringere Impulsivität.
Background: Systematic work regarding the diagnostics and behavior therapy of violent sex offenders with mental disorders is mostly lacking in German publications. Therefore, this study presents the diagnoses which are mainly relevant for this small but particularly dangerous group of offenders on the basis of DSM IV (paraphilia and impulse control disorders) and describes specifically indicated interventions. Methods: Characteristic features are emphasized which differentiate paraphiliacs and offenders with an impulse control disorder with regard to learning history, sexual preferences, and the stimulus conditions which triggered the offense. Further, a validation study is presented which examined the differences between both disorders concerning impulsivity, social anxiety, avoidance of interpersonal conflicts, and dysfunctional self-conscious-ness. Results: Results showed that the proposed categorization is valid and that paraphiliacs and offenders with an impulse control disorder can be psychologically useful differentiated. Conclusions: In this framework, first conclusions can be drawn regarding the treatment elements which are considered to be relevant for disorder-specific therapy. Different procedures for the treatment of paraphiliacs and offenders with an impulse control disorder are described for the following areas: establishment of a therapeutic relationship, modification of sexual preferences, training of social and coping skills, conflict management, modification of cognitive distortions, and relapse prevention.
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