Background: -To evaluate and compare the effects of Silver diamine fluoride (commercial and lab prepared) versus nano silver fluoride on demineralized human enamel surfaces.Materials and methods: -A total 20 Extracted premolars for orthodontic reasons were collected from the Outpatient Each premolar was sectioned buccolingually into two halves, to obtain (40) specimens. These halves were randomly allocated into 5 groups according to different treatment modalities.Group I included 8 specimens were left untreated (negative control), Group II included 8 specimens were treated with demineralizing solution, Group III included 8 specimens were treated by Silver diamine fluoride (commercial form) after demineralizing solution, Group IV included 8 specimens were treated with Silver diamine fluoride (lab prepared) after demineralizing solution and Group V included 8 specimens that were treated with Nano silver fluoride after demineralizing solution. Each half was evaluated by Environmental scanning electron microscope and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy .Results: There were significant differences between groups at P-value (≤0.05) for Phosphrous, Calcium and Calcium/Phosphrous ratio except (Fluoide). The lowest value for elements was recorded in group (II) followed by control group and the highest value was recorded at group (V). Conclusion:Silver Diamine Fluoride (lab made) is as efficient as commercial one in remineralizing demineralized enamel surfaces. Nano Silver Fluoride is more efficient than Silver Diamine Fluoride (lab made & commercial) on demineralized enamel surfaces. (154)Asmaa Aly Abo El Soud, et al.

Background:The role of Selenium as an antioxidant has become a point of interest for its importance in prevention of cancer and other systemic diseases especially those associated with aging. Objectives:The aim of the present investigation was to investigate the effect of Selenium supplementation on the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands of aging rats through:1-Histological examination. 2-Immunohistochemical localization of Ki67. Materials and Methods:Thirty young adult male albino rats with body weight ranged from 80-110 gram and of 2 month age were used and divided into the following groups. Group I (control group): Consisted of 20 rats, subdivided into 2 subgroups. Group I.1:10 animals were sacrificed after one month to serve as young controls. Group I.2:10 animals were left till the end of the experiment to serve as old controls. Group II: 10 animals received Selenium 150 µg/kg diet for the whole experimental period. The experiment lasted for 9 months.Results: histological results revealed that aging caused devastating effects on the histological structure of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Selenium markedly modulated the action of aging process and increased the regenerative capacity of submandibular and sublingual glands. According to expression intensity of Ki67 stain in submandibular and sublingual glands, there was statistically significant difference between young, selenium and old groups. In general, expression intensity of Ki67 stain was the highest in the young control group followed by selenium group and lowest in old control group. Also, ki67 expression was significantly higher in sublingual than submandibular glands. Conclusions:Selenium was documented to have a powerful and beneficial antiaging effect. This faced lights around the promising role of selenium in the new era of regenerative medicine. Sublingual gland was more resistant to regressive changes of aging than submandibular gland.

Background: Sirolimus is known to be the most common immunosuppressive and anti-cancer drug regardless to its adverse side effects. Bone marrow derived -mesenchymal cells represent a great interest, particularly in the areas of regenerative medicine. Aim of the study:The current research aimed to examine the efficacy of stem cell transplantation for treating the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone affection that caused by Sirolimus.Materials and methods: Fifty male albino rats with average body weight 200-250 gram were used in this investigation. The animals were divided into the following groups: Group I: 20 rats served as controls and subdivided into 2 subgroups 10 animals each: Group I.1: Using a curved metallic oral gavage, ethanol and saline were given in a daily oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight to Group I.1 for 3 months. Group I.2: treated with the same way as group I.1 then left untreated for 2 weeks Group II: 20 animals subdivided into 2 subgroups, 10 animals each: Group II.1 (Sirolimus group) treated with immunosuppressive drug (Rapamycin) dissolved in ethanol and saline in a daily oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight using a curved metallic oral gavage for 3 months. Group II.2: (Recovery group) treated with the same dose and route of administration of group II.1 for 3 months then left untreated for 2 weeks as a recovery period. Group III: 10 rats treated with the same dose of Rapamycin in group II then injected by a single intravenous infusion of mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells. For bone marrow-mesenchymal cells isolation and culture, ten adult male albino rats were used as a source of bone marrow. At the end of experiment, the rats were sacrificed, the jaws of rats were dissected out and processed to be stained with: Hematoxylin and eosin staining for histological examination. Streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical method for Vimentin and CD44 localization for stem cells characterization and homing detection respectively and streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical method of Bcl2 for anti-apoptotic expression detection. Results:Sirolimus showed dramatic degenerative changes on the periodontal ligaments and alveolar bone, however the transplanted stem cell helped tissues to partially retain their texture and accelerate their healing. ConclusionSirolimus caused severe adverse effects on the periodontal ligaments and alveolar bone which did not resolved after recovery period of 2 weeks, however, the degeneration was more dramatic. Interestingly, bone marrow-derived stem cells transplantation represented a promising attempt to overcome the Sirolimus drawbacks.

Objectives: This investigation estimated the effect of Tramadol hydrochloride on the dental pulp of young male albino rats through histological examination and immune histochemical localization of TNF-α. Materials and Methods:The study sample consisted of 30 young male albino rats which were divided into two groups; the control group (Group I) included 10 rats and the treatment group (Group II) included 20 rats and were given an oral dose consisting of 60 mg/kg body weight Amadol (tramadol hydrochloride) daily for a period of 4 months. Results:The light microscopic examination of the dental pulp of the rats received Amadol revealed marked structural degenerative changes in the dental pulp. The immunohistochemical results of the dental pulp of Amadol group showed strongly positive TNF-α staining reactivity of the odontoblasts, fibroblasts, collagen fibers and blood vessels indicating the degenerating process. Conclusion:long term use of Tramadol has destructive effects on dental pulp so, it must be prescribed and used with precautions.

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Aim: to evaluate the effect of milled teeth versus beta tricalcium phosphate bone graft material on new bone formation at the cell level using transmission electron microscope Materials and methods: Forty-five adult male albino rats, were divided into three main groups (n=15); control and two experimental groups. Under general anesthesia, 1.5 cm incision was done exposing the cranial bone. Then two noncritical size bone defects were created one in each parital sides of the rat calvarial bone. In Group I (control group): the bilateral calvarial bony defects were left to heal spontaneously. In Group II the bilateral calvarial bony defects completely filled with β-TCP. In Group III: the bilateral calvarial bony defects completely filled with tooth ash. Five rats from each group were sacrificed after 7, 15, and 30 days postoperatively. Results: tooth ash group: showed more new bone formation. Different types of cells appeared more active: multiple lymphocytes, fibroblast, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts. Multinucleated osteoclasts with prominent vacuolated cytoplasm and ruffled border in Howship's lacunae were clearly seen. At day 30, disappearing of the tooth ash and infiltration of different types of cells; osteoprogenitor cells, bone lining cells, and osteoblasts while β-TCP particles were still seen in the sections. Conclusions: Bone activity, formation and maturity were ahead in tooth ash filled calvarial bony defects. Tooth ash had a role in the stimulation of osteoblastic activity in matrix formation and its mineralization.

The aim of the study was the evaluation of healing in bony defects comparing milled teeth versus beta tricalcium phosphate (B-TCP) as bone graft materials. Materials and methods: Forty-five male albino rats, were divided into three groups each group included 15 rats; one control and two experimental groups. Under general anesthesia, 1.5 cm incision was created to expose the cranial bone. Then two bone defects (each one with a diameter of 3 millimeter) were created one in each parital sides. In Group I (control group): the two bony defects (30 bony defects) were left to heal without any intervention. While, in Group II & III the bony defects were completely filled with (B-TCP) and milled teeth, respectively. At the 7 th , 15 th , and 30 days postoperatively five rates were randomly selected from each group to be sacrificed. Results: histomorophometric and histological results showed a higher level of bone regeneration in the two experimental groups than that of the control group all over the study period, moreover there was a significant increase in the amount of (newly formed bone) in the milled teeth than in the (B-TCP) group. The remaining particles of the two graft materials was significantly less in the milled teeth group than in the (B-TCP) group during the whole study time. Conclusion: Bone activity, formation and maturity were ahead in tooth ash filled calvarial bony defects.