Introduction: Cigarette smoking (CS) is a well-known risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases, various forms of cancer as well as insulin resistance (IR). IR is considered as an underlying derangement which very commonly aggravates metabolic syndrome.
Aim: This study assessed the prevalence of IR in cigarette smokers in Sokoto metropolis using selected surrogate markers.
Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted in Sokoto among 108 subjects. Fasting venous blood samples were collected for plasma glucose, triglycerides and insulin estimation. Plasma glucose and serum triglycerides were analysed using enzymatic methods while insulin was assayed using ELISA method. Homeostasis model of assessment-IR (HOMA-IR), Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), Mc Auley (McA) and fasting IR index (FIRI) were calculated using standard formula and IR cut-off of >2.5, <0.339, >5.8 and >2.3 respectively were used.
Results: Based on the cut off mark, the prevalence of IR for HOMA-IR, QUICKI, McA, FIRI indices were 62(57.4%), 66(61.1%), 39(36.1%) and 60(55.6%) respectively. There was a significant correlation between HOMA-IR and FIRI (p< 0.05, r = 0.999). HOMA-IR also had a significant correlation with McA (p<0.05 r = -0.506). QUICKI had a significant correlation with McA (p<0.05 and r = 0.243).
Conclusion: This study established a significantly high prevalence of IR among CS. Importantly, it can be concluded that cigarette smokers may be predisposed to the development of metabolic disease.
This type of cytokine called IL-6 is an endogenous chemical which is sensitive in inflammation and in B cell maturation. Apart from being an immune protein, it is equally a pyrogen, which contributes to fever in autoimmune, infectious, or non-infectious disease. It is produced in the body, wherever there is inflammation, either acute or chronic. This includes situations such as trauma, burns, cancers, and infection. It
Ion channels are membrane proteins, which play a great role in regulating cellular excitability. Alteration of ion channel may contribute to prostate cancer. This could be linked to inherited mutations of ion channel genes which alter channel’s biophysical properties, in a prostate cancer. It is an observed fact that genomic instability is the main cause as well as the major characteristics of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer cell genotypes are mainly characterized by uncontrolled metastasis, resistance to programmed cell death, sustained angiogenesis as well as tissue invasion and metastasis. It is known that genes encoding ion channels are affected in prostate cancer. The Membrane proteins which is involved in signaling in cell and among cells, for coupling of extracellular events with intracellular responses, and for maintaining intracellular ionic homeostasis ion channels which contribute to some extents to pathophysiological features of each prostate cancer.
This study accessed fish farming in AMAC the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Data were collected from 100 respondents using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Borehole water 80 percent and river water 20 percent were top sources of water for fish farming in the FCT. 40 percent of the respondents cleaned their concrete tank twice in six weeks. Some of the major constraints faced by farmers were high cost of feed at 30 percent response, 26 percent admitted their constraint, as lack of funds, lack of ready market was found to be 18 percent. 71 percent did not receive any support from the government to enhance their fish farming, only 10 percent of the respondent got loans from the government as support to fund their fish. The study recommended Governments interventions must be integrated into the local development planning to ensure that basic inputs, extension services, loans and grants are provided for small-scale fish farming, while also taking measures to address the negative environmental impacts of such activities through proper mitigation plans.
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