Metabolic syndrome and its associated factors among apparently “healthy” adults residing in rural settlements in Dutse, Northwestern Nigeria: A community-based study

Muazu, Salisu; Mshelia, Rifkatu; Bako, Hauwa; Ahmad, Mohammad B; Mohammed, Tasiu; Okpe, Innocent; Bakari, AG

doi:10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_37_19

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A study done in Nigeria, using the IDF criteria for metabolic syndrome in the general population without type 2 diabetes mellitus, found a prevalence of 8.8% which is comparable to 10.4% documented in the present study. 44 Another study done in Nigeria that used the NCEP ATP III criteria to diagnose metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy individuals not previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes reported a prevalence rate of 12.1% which is lower than 17.9% found in this present study. This may be because while the previous study used the old NCEP ATP II criteria, the present study used the modi ed NCEP ATP III criteria which has been shown to have a better performance.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 79%

Metabolic syndrome among Nigerians with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comparative study of the diagnostic criteria

Azeez,

Adeleye,

Omololu

et al. 2021

J Cardio Diabetes Metab Disord

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BackgroundMetabolic syndrome is associated with increased cardiovascular death. The objectives of this study were to nd the frequency of metabolic syndrome among Nigerians with type 2 diabetes and to compare the modi ed NCEP ATP III criteria and the IDF criteria MethodsThe study involved 134 participants. Sixty-seven were cases with type 2 diabetes while the rest were the controls without type 2 diabetes. Ethical approval was granted by the institution's ethics review committee. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory parameters were obtained using standard protocols.Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22. Means were compared with Student's t test while proportions were compared with the Pearson's chi square. Point biserial correlation was used to determine the association between the dichotomous variables and interval variables. Agreement between the criteria was tested with the Cohen's kappa test. ResultsType 2 diabetes was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension and truncal obesity. The frequency of metabolic syndrome was lower with the IDF criteria compared with the modi ed NCEP criteria (65.7% vs 71.6%). Although there was a strong agreement between the IDF and the modi ed NCEP criteria (κ=0.862; p<0.0001) yet, the IDF criteria missed 8.3% of diabetic individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome by the modi ed NCEP criteria. Cardiovascular risk is better predicted when the modi ed NCEP criteria were used to diagnose metabolic syndrome. ConclusionMetabolic syndrome is very common among Nigerians with type 2 diabetes and it is better diagnosed with the modi ed NCEP ATP III criteria.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 79%

Metabolic syndrome among Nigerians with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comparative study of the diagnostic criteria

Azeez,

Adeleye,

Omololu

et al. 2021

J Cardio Diabetes Metab Disord

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“…Also, studies from other African countries (Bune et al, 2020 andOsoti et al, 2018) reported similar trend. However, among the PWoH in this study who are apparently healthy individuals, the prevalence of MetS was found to be 14.5%, which was higher than other studies (Raimi et al, 2018;Muazu et al, 2019;Ojong et al, 2022), which reported prevalence of 4.9%, 8.8% and 2.7%, respectively, though Adeyemi et al, 2017 andAmaewhule et al (2021) reported a very high prevalence of 36.8% and 41.1%, respectively. Apparently healthy individuals may be at more at risk of developing MetS because they may not feel the need to visit the hospital for routine checkup due to the fact that they seem "apparently healthy."…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 79%

“…Regarding increased TG, the prevalence of 9.8% that was reported in this study for PLWHIV was relatively close to 8.5% by Malindisa et al (2023) in a study from Tanzania, but some studies (Kiama et al, 2018;Ojong et al, 2022;Bosho et al, 2018) reported a relatively higher prevalence (14.2%, 38.6% and 29.9%), respectively. For the PWoH, the prevalence of 8.1% reported is like some previous studies (Amaewhule et al, 2021;Muazu et al, 2019), which reported 8% but lower than 52.9% reported by Adeyemi et al (2017) (Jumare et al, 2023;Xu et al, 2017). This prolonged ART duration could be attributed to the prevalence of BP among PLWHIV compared to the PWoH who were apparently healthy individuals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…However, the report from this present study is lower than 85.9% and 90.6% that was reported by Kagaruki et al (2015) and Ojong et al (2022) in their study. In addition, the prevalence of 45.2% reduced HDL-C found among PWoH in this study was higher than 16.8% reported by Amaewhule et al (2021) in a study from healthy individuals; Muazu et al (2019) reported a relatively higher prevalence (87.5%) of reduced HDL-C in his study. Regarding increased TG, the prevalence of 9.8% that was reported in this study for PLWHIV was relatively close to 8.5% by Malindisa et al (2023) in a study from Tanzania, but some studies (Kiama et al, 2018;Ojong et al, 2022;Bosho et al, 2018) reported a relatively higher prevalence (14.2%, 38.6% and 29.9%), respectively.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

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Investigation of metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV: insight from a comparative study

Akintola,

Oladoyinbo,

Ayedun

2024

NFS

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among people living with HIV (PLWHIV) considering a comparative study. Design/methodology/approach A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out with 247 respondents which include 123 HIV patients and 124 people without HIV (PWoH) recruited using a simple random sampling method. Anthropometric measurements were taken using the standard procedures and instruments. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured in all the subjects. The lipid level and blood glucose were obtained using a vacutainer method to collect at least 5 ml of venous blood into a heparin-containing bottle and fluoride bottle, and a chemical pathology analysis was conducted at the pathology laboratory. Findings Using the International Diabetes Federation criteria, the overall prevalence of MetS was 21.1%, while 27.6% and 14.5% prevalence were observed among the PLWHIV and PWoH, respectively. In all, 4% of the respondents were underweight, 40.9% had normal body mass index, 29.6 were overweight and 18.6 were obese I. The mean total cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) for PLWHIV and controls were 162.59 ± 37.80, 177.54 ± 34.23, 91.62 ± 51.74 and 69.59 ± 33.87 mg/dl, respectively. There was no significant association between gender and MetS. Of all the determinants of MetS, central obesity has the highest prevalence (71.5%, 65.3%) among the PLWHIV and the controls. Raised TGs were the components of MetS with the least prevalence (9.8% and 4.8%) among PLWHIV and PWoH. There was a significant association between reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p = 0.001) and raised blood pressure (p = 0.001) of PLWHIV and PWoH. This study reveals that the burden of MetS among PLWHIV is higher than apparently healthy individuals. Research limitations/implications This study could not measure the association between specific antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens and MetS because all the PLWHIV in the study are on one regimen Tenofovir disoproxil/lamivudine/dolutegravir. Therefore, longitudinal studies on the extent of ART on MetS should be carried out while using newly diagnosed HIV patients who are not yet on ART as controls. Practical implications Prevalence of MetS and its components toward the high range among PLWHIV compared to the PWoH who are apparently healthy individuals was found. Higher prevalence of central obesity and reduced HDL-C among PLWHIV was also found. Overall, MetS is high among PLWHIV, and this might predispose them to adverse metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and kidney diseases among others. Therefore, screening for metabolic risk factors should be adopted as part of routine HIV care. Originality/value The findings reveal the magnitude of MetS among PLWHIV compared to the apparently healthy individuals.

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“…However, metabolic abnormalities and abnormal body fat distribution were observed following a similar pattern described for MS. 6,7 Previous studies have shown that patients with HIV infection receiving HAART had high prevalence rate of MS with prevalent CVD and are at increased risk of developing them, even higher than those reported from the general population in some settings. [8][9][10][11][12] The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of and the associated risk factors for MS among HIV patients on HAART in North central Nigeria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors among human immunodeficiency virus patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in North central Nigeria

Reng

Onwuegbuzie

Salisu³

et al. 2021

Int J Res Med Sci

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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex disorder defined by cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Use of Highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients is associated with metabolic syndrome which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of MS among HAART treated HIV patients and HAART naïve patients.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 581 (396 females, 184 males) consenting HIV patents in the hospital. Clinical characteristics, anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin, CD4 cell counts and viral load were determined using appropriate standard techniques. MS was defined using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) cut-off values.Results: The overall prevalence of MS was 10.7%, with more females 52 (13.1%) than males 10 (5.4%), p=0.005. MS in patients on HAART was 58 (15.1%) and HAART naive 4 (2.0%). Overall, waist circumference, BMI, systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic blood pressure (BP), triglycerides and fasting blood glucose were 82.7±11.5, 22.7±, 120.6±17.6, 77.5±10.6, 1.1±0.7 and 5.1±1.9 respectively. Patients with MS had significantly higher (p<0.05) waist circumference (94.1 vs 81.3 cm), BMI (24.8 vs 22.5 kg/m2), systolic BP (135.4 vs 118.8 mmHg), diastolic BP (86.2 vs 76.5 mmHg), triglycerides (1.3 vs 1.0 mmol/l) and fasting blood glucose (6.3 vs 4.9 mmol/l). Insulin resistance (IR) was higher in patients with MS 11.8(7.9) compared with patients without MS 5.5 (6.8) p=0.02.Conclusions: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this study was lower than that reported in previous works, the prevalence is much higher in the HAART treated patients. The risk of MS were high triglycerides, hypertension and abnormal fasting blood glucose. There was significant association with the traditional risk factors, age, female gender and HIV duration.

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Metabolic syndrome and its associated factors among apparently “healthy” adults residing in rural settlements in Dutse, Northwestern Nigeria: A community-based study

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Metabolic syndrome among Nigerians with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comparative study of the diagnostic criteria

Metabolic syndrome among Nigerians with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comparative study of the diagnostic criteria

Investigation of metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV: insight from a comparative study

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors among human immunodeficiency virus patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in North central Nigeria

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