A broad based consumption tax, such as a value added tax, is generally considered to be a regressive tax. This conclusion, however, has not taken into account the fact that in developing countries the commodities on which poor households spend most of their income, even if they are included in the legal tax base, are administratively impractical to tax. This paper employs a rich data set on household incomes and expenditures for the Dominican Republic. The data set covers 2042 goods and services purchased by households of different income and consumption levels. It also contains information on the type of establishment from which the items were purchased. With this information we estimate the effective rate of tax that has been paid on each item purchased by households. These estimations include the effect of the different rates of the tax compliance across households with different expenditure levels. The results of the study show that the burden of the current VAT in the Dominican Republic is progressive over all the quintiles of household expenditure. Furthermore, if the base of the VAT is made comprehensive, the estimated incidence of the burden of the VAT is still progressive over all the quintiles household expenditure.

This study employs the bounds test for co-integration and Granger causality tests to investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship and the direction of causality between financial development, international trade and real income growth for the Cyprus economy. The results of the study reveal that financial development as measured by broad money (M2), international trade and real income growth are cointegrated; thus, a long-run equilibrium relationship can be inferred among these three variables. On the other hand, Granger causality test results suggest that in Cyprus the growth in real income stimulates the growth of international trade (both exports and imports) and the growth of money supply. Furthermore, growth in imports of goods and services also stimulates a growth in exports of goods and services of Cyprus. Although this result contradicts our initial expectations, it indicates the importance of capital inflows in Cyprus that plays a major role in financing the investments mainly in the tourism sector. As a final point, the results of this study reveal that the supply-leading, export-led growth and import-led growth hypotheses are not confirmed by this study whereas the demand-following hypothesis can be justified for the Cypriot economy when M2 measure of money supply is under consideration.

This study explores the impact of countrywide corruption on the credit risk of commercial banks with different levels of credit risk. It applies the quantile regression (QR) estimation method for a panel data of 191 commercial banks, from 18 MENAP countries, between the years 2011-2018. The research finding indicates that corruption significantly exacerbates the problem of bad loans of banks. Furthermore, the QR results reveal that corruption does not affect all banks at the same level. Banks in higher quantiles (i.e., higher credit risk banks) appear to be affected more than the ones in lower quantiles (i.e., lower credit risk banks).Banks with high credit risk appear to be more vulnerable to corruption than banks with low credit risk.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the factors affecting the adoption of internet banking services by domestic commercial banks in a sparsely populated small island.Design/methodology/approachBeing one of the smallest island economies in the world, North Cyprus was chosen as a case study to explore the factors that affected the penetration of internet banking services in North Cyprus over a two year period. The managers of 23 banks operating in North Cyprus were interviewed first in 2004 and later in 2006. Furthermore, the web sites of these banks were also examined both in 2004 and in 2006 in order to measure the progress made in adopting internet banking services between these periods.FindingsEvidence from survey studies and from banks' web sites indicated that banks in North Cyprus have been consistently moving towards providing internet banking services despite a very small potential market to share. In 2004, the majority of commercial banks claimed that the potential market was too small to adopt internet banking services in North Cyprus. Yet, in 2006 the same banks were in the process of introducing internet banking as an assurance to their customers that they would be able to maintain a competitive quality of service in the future, hence avoid losing their customers to the branches of foreign banks.Research limitations/implicationsThe implication for domestic banks is that if they wish to complete with foreign banks they must embrace internet banking.Originality/valueContributes to the literature on internet banking services in small islands.

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Providing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with access to external finance has been a major concern for many governments and international organizations for three decades. In recent years the experiences of emerging market countries suggest that a paradigm shift is taking place in SME finance. Particularly in fast-growing emerging market countries such as Turkey, banks are increasingly targeting SMEs as a new line of banking business. This research analyzes how macroeconomic factors have contributed to increased commercial bank lending to SMEs in six emerging market countries: Turkey, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Poland. Based on time series and panel data analysis, we find that a high GDP growth rate and increased competition in the banking sector have contributed to increased banking sector credit to SMEs. The findings also reveal that curbing the high inflation rate and reducing government domestic borrowing have significantly encouraged bank lending to the SME segment.

Inequality between men and women is widely acknowledged across many parts of the globe. For example, among paid employees in Ghana, women’s average hourly earnings were around 67% of men. The disparity in earnings perpetuates poverty. Access to financial resources is widely regarded as crucial machinery to addressing this gender disparity and reducing poverty among women. Microfinance is a conduit to increasing access to finance among poor urban and rural women who usually lack the collateral to access loans from traditional financial institutions. Notwithstanding the vital role microfinance institutions play, there is no consensus on the assertion that its impact is generally favourable. Therefore, this study investigated the role of microfinance on health, education, and standard of living, as dimensions of poverty reduction in the Techiman Municipality of Ghana. The results indicate that access to microfinance services positively correlates to health, education, living standards and poverty reduction. Therefore, it is essential to extend the reach of microfinance services to increase access further to finance and, consequently, accelerate the rate of poverty reduction within the Municipality.

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