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The incorporation of latent psychological factors in wetland valuation studies may improve our understanding of why some people value ecosystem services while others do not. This article focuses on public preferences for enhanced protection of the Setiu Wetland in Malaysia and explores the influence of environmental attitude on preference and the willingness to pay (WTP) for wetland conservation. The study reported here employs a discrete choice experiment to investigate household's WTP for a set of wetland attributes. A scale-adjusted latent class (SALC) model is applied to identify a latent preference structure combining choice attributes with attitude measures derived from the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP). We identified four NEP components in the respondent population to integrate with SALC model, and this revealed four latent classes and two scale classes which varied in their preferences. Class 1 was largely against wetland protection, although it showed a flooding preference, and was more likely to be 'Anthropocentric' but less likely to be 'Biocentric'. Class 2 had a positive preference for all attributes, and was more likely to be 'Biocentric'. Class 3 did not refer to any of the NEP components. A handful of responses in Class 4 were respondents more likely to be in the 'Risk of overuse' group and less likely to be 'Anthropocentric'. The result suggests that natural resource managers need to evaluate people's concerns over environmental protection to understand potentially conflicting views across populations.

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In the recent decades; due to the persistent change in the precipitation levels and the limited capacity of economic and social systems in responding to these changes, much attention has been paid to the negative impacts of climate change. One of the most important consequences of climate change is abnormal drought, which is affecting the livelihood of many farmers across the world. The number of areas affected by such droughts is increasing annually (Mengistu, 2011).Drought is the shortage of precipitation; this shortage causes shortages in soil moisture and surface water to the extent that disrupts natural life (Neisi et al., 2020). Drought has a complex and irregular nature that makes it very difficult to respond to and preempt; therefore, the best way to mitigate its impacts, especially on agriculture, is to take appropriate control and management measures. In recent years, it has been suggested that in the struggle against droughts and their effects, farmers could be amongst the most important assets of the agricultural sector (Neisi et al., 2020). Numerous empirical studies have shown that many villagers and farmers have usually found ways to adapt to the harsh conditions of drought; therefore,

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