One-shot dilation was proved to be safe and effective like metal telescopic dilation even in patients with a history of ipsilateral open renal surgery. In this procedure, X-ray exposure is lower.

Complications, operative time, and the length of hospitalization in selected patients undergoing tubeless PCNL were all lower than those seen in the standard group. Tubeless PCNL was thus found to be safe and effective, even in patients with staghorn stones.

We showed that totally ultrasound-guided complete supine PCNL is safe and feasible even in reoperative patients. It has certain advantages such as elimination of X-ray exposure to the surgeon and staff of the operating room, avoidance of contrast material administration, identification of all the tissue between the skin and kidney, and the energy expenditure of the surgeon and other staff of the operating room is decreased as it is not necessary to wear a lead shield.

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