Complications, operative time, and the length of hospitalization in selected patients undergoing tubeless PCNL were all lower than those seen in the standard group. Tubeless PCNL was thus found to be safe and effective, even in patients with staghorn stones.

Uropathogens in many Asian countries had high resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Knowledge of regional and local resistance data and prudent use of antibiotics are important for proper management of UTI in Asian countries.

At last, this study suggested that tamsulosin facilitate earlier clearance of fragments after ESWL.

Our study showed that the complications after laparoscopic surgery were lower than in open surgery. We recommend laparoscopic surgery for upper ureteral stones >1 cm because of lower postoperative complications, shorter hospital stay, and shorter time to convalescence, and better cosmetic results.

No abstract