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Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is vector-borne disease. and endemics in most regions of Iraq especially with poor populations. "Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1)" gene play an essential role in susceptibility to CL and disease pathology, NRAMP1 influences a production and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α. Proand anti-inflammatory cytokines play an essential role in susceptibility/resistance and the immunopathogenesis of Leishmania infection. These cytokines are crucial factors in the initiation and enhances of protective immunity against Leishmania infection. This study aimed to determine effect of polymorphism in NRAMP1 genes on cytokines secretion and their effect in susceptibility to CL infection. Materials and Methods: Samples of blood were collected from patients (n: 60) with CL and apparently healthy controls (n: 32). Polymorphism of Nramp1 (D543N) detected by PCR-RFLP technique in patients and control groups while (TNF-α and IL-1β) cytokine concentrations detected by ELISA technique using a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Results: Results indicate to effect of Nramp1 gene polymorphism on levels of (IL-1β and TNF-α) cytokines and this a clearly recorded in present study were A allele is associated with lower levels of (TNF-α and IL-1β) in patients and control groups compression to that absorbed in allele G with statically significant (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) plays an essential role in the resolution of CL infection, were its concentration in patients serum of all age groups were significant increase in comparison to that observed in their control groups. In polymorphisms of Nramp1 (D543N) gene, were A allele is associated with lower levels of (IL-1β and TNF-α) compression to that absorbed in allele G, and this decreased production may be associated with susceptibility and proliferation of parasites in the macrophage.

The current study aimed to identify the bacteria from the gallbladder taken during cholecystectomy of patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis of calculus and acalculus type. The study included 100 patients taken randomly (85 women and 15 men) undergoing cholecystectomy at the general teaching Hilla Hospital from September 2016 to June 2017. For each patient, two samples were taken, which included tissue and stone (if present). All samples were cultured on different media for full bacteriological identification. The infection appears in both sexes, but the rate of infection in women (85%) was higher than men (15%). The most affected age group in both sexes was between 35 and 45 years (30%). Clinically, chronic cholecystitis was the most common (84%) compared with acute cholecystitis (16%). The results of bacterial isolation appeared to be 75% for gallbladder tissue samples and 25% for stones culture. The total number of isolated bacterial samples were 80. Gram-negative bacteria were predominant and represented 86% whereas the Gram-positive group was 13%. The most common bacterial isolates were Salmonella typhi (20%) as Gram-negative bacteria and Enterococcus faecalis (45%) as Gram-positive bacteria. Cholesterol stones were the most common types of gallstones (60%) followed by pigment stone (40%) and mixed type (32%). Also, the study showed changes in the histological structure of the gallbladder, which were characterized by the expansion of the cavity and congestion of the blood vessels in the follicular layer and an increase in the amount of lymphatic tissue diffused in the layers of the gallbladder wall.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease and endemic in most regions of Iraq, especially in the regions with poor populations. Natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene plays an essential role in susceptibility to CL and disease pathology. This study aimed to study the polymorphism in NRAMP1 gene, and tried to identify an association between gene variants and susceptibility to CL infection in Iraqi population / AL-Muthanna province. Samples of peripheral blood were collected from 60 patients with CL and 32 apparently healthy controls. NRAMP1 (D543N) polymorphism was detected in patients and control groups by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in genotype distribution between CL cases and healthy controls (p = 0.036), and the results indicated that genetic variations of D543N were not associated with susceptibility to CL infection, and the frequency of allele A was greater in controls than in patients with statistical significance of p = 0.01.

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Introduction: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is one of autoimmune disorder with complex pathophysiology. Many genes involved in lethal autoimmune hepatitis disorder including STAT4 gene. The aim of this study is to determine STAT4 gene polymorphisms and relation of SNPs with disease severity among AIH patients. Method: One hundred AIH patient which diagnosed by clinically, ANA and ASMA and 100 control age matched healthy children were enrolled in this study. Patients' blood samples (5mL) were taken and split into two tubes, one tube used for immunological and clinical parameters and the second containing EDTA for PCR analysis. The first tubes were then left at room temperature for 10 minutes before being centrifuged (3500 rpm). After that, the serum was isolated the both tubes stored at -70°C until analysis, biochemical parameters were measured in full automated biochemistry analyzer while, IgG, ANA and ASMA was investigated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) commercially available kits (Bioneer, Korea), while the STAT4 (rs7574865, rs7582694) gene was investigated using RFLP PCR How, and the commercially available kits (Bioneer, Korea).

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Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Ancylostoma duodenale are soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and medically neglected in Iraq country in spite of their effect on the public health. A crosssectional study was performed in the Maternity and Childhood Teaching Hospital and General Education Hospital in Al-Dewanyia Province, included 850 tool samples collected from patients who attended to the O&P Lab. General stool examination (GSE), direct wet mount method DWMM and Kato-Katz were using for diagnosis of STH infections through detecting the adult and the ovum of the helminthes. A conventional multiplex PCR assay was used for detection of STHs in fecal samples. Based on microscopic examination, the results showed that 275/850 range among triple, double and single infection on other hand was 365/850 range among triple, double and single infection. In conclusions, the investigative sensitivity of DWMM is notable for STH; in exception, it is capable to identify patients with the intention of highest requirement of management, and therefore contributes to the universal target to reduce STH as a community healthiness trouble.