Cordia myxa L. is one of the medical plants that plays an important role in the treatment of many diseases. There are many studies explained that C. myxa can show anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antiparasitic, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. This review was focused on the active compounds and medical effects of C. myxa. The fatty acids contents are particularly high (9.9%). Sodium and potassium constitute the largest mineral proportion (13 ppm and 29 ppm respectively) of the fruit. However, the toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium and copper have not been found in the fruit. This gives an additional significant benefit of the medical uses of the plant. The content of alkaloids, saponin, polyphenols, and comarine were recorded and was relatively high compared to steroids, resins, glycosides, tannins, and gum that found to be in less amounts. When the mucilage was extracted, the alkaloids constitute more than 35%. By using the Folin‐Ciocalteu, C. myxa extracts have a high Phenolic content. The antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria were included in the fruit mucilage extract while the alcoholic extracts have no effect on all bacterial isolates. In addition, the mucilage extract showed anti-parasitic activity when it was tested against Leishmania infantum promastigotes. However, the highest concentration of extract significantly reduced the amounts of lymphocytes. Moreover, ethanolic extracts of C. myxa fruits give rise to leucocyte and lymphocyte count. Future research needs to be done on this kind of herbs which could show high medicinal activity.

Chronic infections with Toxoplasma gondii occur in the brain of mammalian hosts. The understanding of the relationship between Toxoplasma gondii, CNS, and the immune system assists in comprehending how Toxoplasma affects the complement system and how it exerts a defense mechanism against Toxoplasma. This review focuses on the supervision of the complement system by Toxoplasma gondii during neural infections. There are three possible mechanisms by which the protozoan can invade the brain. Tachyzoites in bloodstreams multiply, invade, and bind to endothelial cells before migrating into parenchymas via transcellular crossing mechanisms. Secondly, the immune cells become like the Trojan horse, which carries intracellular parasites across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In the third mechanical process, the BBB can directly be crossed through the brain at the tight junction (TJ) by the tachyzoites. It is concluded that C3 manipulation of the integrity of the BBB can be used to increase T.gondii invasion into the CNS..

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The fly larvae infect the nasal cavities and sinuses (frontal and maxillary) of sheep, goats, and a range of wild ruminants, forming a disease called oestrosis (Nasal myiasis or nasal bot). The disease is one of the significantly diseases for the Iraqi small ruminant industry that causes detrimental economic losses. The current work was carried out to morphologically-and molecularly-characterize O. ovis larvae collected from sheep in a slaughterhouse in Al-Qadisiyah province, Iraq. The study depended on collecting 20 larvae (at different stages) from 20 sheep from 15 October till 17 December 2020. The morphological examination was done using a stereomicroscope and relying on larval characteristic features, including the posterior end, spiracles, and cephalopharyngeal skeleton. The molecular characterization was performed utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and partial gene sequencing (PGS) methods of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene at 700bp and 300-bp regions. Morphologically, the first-stage larvae (L1) showed characteristic mouth hooks, while the second-stage larvae (L2) revealed clear terminal stigmas. For the third-stage larvae (L3), the color of body segments and their spines' were the most important features for this larval stage. The PCR showed amplification at both regions 700bp and 300bp, in 8 and 7 isolates, respectively. The PGS revealed 15 different local isolates in genetic level aligned with isolates from Kyrgyzstan, Italy, Spain, and Turkey. This study shows the important strain differences of O. ovis that infect the local sheep in Al-Qadisiyah province, Iraq.

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The experimental studies of Aluminum Phosphide (AP) poisoning in rats revealed several clinical and pathological signs such as hemorrhage, sinusoidal dilatation, bile stasis, centrilobular necrosis, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, infiltration by mononuclear cells, and fatty infiltration in the liver tissues. This paper aimed to show the impact of carrots on the toxic effect of AP on the livers of adult rats (female). To investigate some biochemical and histopathological changes effects of AP in rats, sixty white female rats were equally divided into four groups, the first group (G1) was administered orally with 3mg/kg/ body weight of AP, the second group (G2) was orally treated with AP and 10% carrot extract at the same time. The third group (G3) administrated 10% carrot extract only. The fourth (G4) group was the negative control and was treated with distilled water only. The experiments continued for a month at the animal house of the Veterinary Medicine College of Baghdad University. The results revealed that high levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin were induced in G1 with decreasing total protein levels. The pathological examination revealed the presence of marked proliferation of Kupffer cells in G1 livers. However, the G2 group showed slight infiltration of lymphocytes in sinusoids. The pathological changes in the livers of G3 group showed slight cloudy swelling in hepatocytes compared with the normal texture of hepatocytes in G4. The data of this experiment showed that treatment with carrot extract significantly decreases the elevation in the level of liver function enzymes in animal poisoned with AP. In addition, treatment with carrot extract reduces the severe damage in the hepatic tissue that occurred in rats treated with AP only. In general, it could be concluded that treatment with carrot extract provides a remedial effect against the hepatotoxicity that is resulted from exposure to AP.

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X-ray could be used in different useful purposes either diagnostic or therapeutic. However, the living tissues such as blood can be negatively affected with the ionizing radiation like X-ray when the body was exposed. The irregularly effect can involve the mechanical features of RBCs like shapes and radius which represent the main factors in functional performance of RBCs. Thus, any defect in these characters could lead to lose the RBC roles. Our study aimed to find the morphological changes of RBCs when they exposed to X-ray by measuring the radii using He-Ne laser technique. Three blood groups; O, AB and A, were exposed to different X-ray doses; 60, 80, 100 and 120 Kilo Electron Volt (KeV) for 1 minutes and the radius was checked after applying low power laser beams which was previously used for accurate measurement to the RBC radius compared to biological measuring techniques. The results showed that the radii of fringes (r) of irradiated RBCs for the tested groups were smaller than that of non-radiated RBCs for all X-ray doses. The radii of fringes (r) directly and significantly increase with increase the distance between the slide and screen (D). Radii of the tested RBC (d) groups were significantly altered compared to control groups which could relate to impairment of sodium and potassium pump mechanism which can lead to loss the RBC membrane permeability. Thus, RBCs uptake or loss the materials and liquids resulting in decreasing or increasing their sizes.