Trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG) is a significant leguminous plant with diverse pharmacological effects. However, the resistant character of this plant accounts for significant difficulties in vitro multiplication, justifying the necessity to try new techniques for in vitro propagation of this plant. Hence, this study reports the effects of BAP, NAA, and 2,4-D on in vitro callus formation of seeds. The toxicity properties of seeds, plant, and callus aqueous extracts of TFG were measured by brine shrimp assay (BSA). Callus index, frequency of callus, callus weight, and morphology of callus were recorded after 30 days of culture. No callus formation was observed in the absence of plant growth regulators. The maximum callus formation observed in the MS media containing 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, the highest mean of the callus index (52±9.5) with 100% frequency and callus yield (0.52±0.08 g) in 30 days of culture. The highest mean of callus index (37±0 4.05) for combination hormones with 100% callusing and yield (0.37±0.02 g) in 30 days of culture by 1.0 mg/l BAA with 0.5 mg/l NAA. Seeds extract of TFG showed the highest toxicity (954.99 µg/ml), aqueous plant extract (1237.98 µg/ml), and aqueous callus extract (1801 µg/ml) from BSA. Comparing individual hormones, the highest amount of callus in TFG can be yielded 2,4-D hormone alone, and a combination of BAP and NAA can yield 100% callus.

Olive oil is depicted as "green gold" in Libya. It plays an inevitable role in Libyan food culture and countries' economies. This review highlighted the most recent advances and challenges about the botanical classification of olives', factors affecting olive oil quality and virgin olive oil processing techniques. Furthermore, this review explores the most significant attributes of olive oil in health and pharmaceutical applications. For instance, reduced pure olive oil considerably lowers the risk of cholesterol-related and other vascular diseases. Also exhibits excellent pharmaceutical properties for curing oxidative damage linked to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, this review highlights the nutritional and food benefit of olive oil. Olive oil is an excellent antioxidant whereby olive oil can be applied to protect highly refined food such as meat from any pathogenic food spoilage. We hope that this review will give comprehensive knowledge about the health benefits of olive oil, which help to utilise oil in pharmaceuticals.

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Introduction:The emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has conditioned the whole world to search for an ultimate cure for the infection. Therefore, all countries with no exception have embraced vaccines in addition to other pharmacological drugs. The consequences of the pandemic include material and human losses in all countries. Another emerging disease is a black fungus. The black fungus is a pathological phenomenon that arises as a result of exposure to mucormycosis. It is observed concurrently with recovery from the virus. The infection has symptoms and risks that do not reduce the risk of infection by COVID-19. Methods: Information was gathered from the review of the relevant literature obtained from various databases, such as Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar. Results: The relationship between diabetes, COVID-19, and mucous fungus is such that diabetes weakens the immune system which helps the COVID-19 virus. Conclusion: The decline of the immune system facilitates secondary infections such as the mucous fungus, especially in the recovery phase from the virus. Therefore, in this review, information about the new pandemic and its risks have been summarized.

Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth, known as “katempe” or “katemfe”. It grows in humid tropical forests and the coastal areas of West Africa, especially in Nigeria, Ghana, Central African Republic, Uganda, and Cote d'Ivoire. T. daniellii contains chemical compounds that have several uses in many fields and contain thaumatin protein, which plays an essential role in the food industry, used as a natural sweetener, and pharmaceutical industry. T. daniellii can play a significant role in economic growth in many countries in which it grows. This study summarises some crucial aspects of T. daniellii. As the study highlight, some of the chemical components are contained in the plant. In addition to the other medicinal benefits and applications used from T. daniellii. the study presented the importance of the plant in the production of thaumatin and highlighted the two types of this protein and the difference between them in the arrangement of amino acids.

Trigonella foenum-graecum is an important leguminous plant used in medicine and human health since ancient times, and the various civilizations of the world, as the Egyptian, Greek, and Indian civilizations, have been used in traditional medicine. Trigonella foenum-graecum contains a wide range of pharmacological effects because of the presence of several beneficial plant secondary metabolites. However, the resistant nature of this plant causes major challenges in in vitro multiplication, emphasizing the need to assess novel approaches for the propagation of this plant. As a result, this study reports on the effects of BAP, NAA, and 2,4-D on T. foenum graecum seed germination in vitro. The germination percentage recorded every week for 4 weeks, the parameter's last mean was calculated. The results showed that 2.0 mg/L BAP created the best effect in the parameter studied. The results revealed that 2.0 mg/l BAP provided the greatest response germination percentage (86 ±2.357%). These results highlight the optimum value of growth hormones producing T. foenum graecum plant with a minimum germination rate in a large scale.

Environmental pollution is one of the most important and critical problems facing the planet and threatening the ecosystem in all its forms. Due to the large quantities of plastic manufactured in different parts of the world and the difficulty of decomposing plastic products, which have a decomposition period of decades. As well as considering the marine environment as one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to pollution with plastic waste, and at the same time, people do not pay attention to this disaster, which directly affects the rest of the environmental systems and causes serious changes to the ecosystem. In this paper, we tried to review some of the direct effects of plastic waste on marine organisms such as coral reefs and sea turtles. As well as review the impact of these organisms’ damage on the ecosystem in general. This paper recommends some solutions that will reduce the huge quantities of plastic waste and how to treat it and try to legalize production to control the amount of plastic waste previously produced during the past decades.