Introduction: Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an annual plant that is not only one of the most popular seed species but also one of the oldest and most cultivated aromatic and herbaceous natural products with numerous medicinal, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical properties. It is widely used in the beverage, food, liquor, medicine, perfume, and toiletry industries. The objective of this work was to provide a precise and up-to-date review of the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biological activities of cumin. Methods: Information was gathered from the review of relevant literature obtained from various databases, such as Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar. Results: The various parts of the cumin plant (leaves, shoot, root, and flowers) contain similar and different chemical compounds. Conclusion: The medicinal and health potential of cumin is mainly attributed to its antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, insecticide, and immunomodulatory properties. More studies are, however, required to unravel novel components and applications of cumin.

Most of bacteria spend their entire lives buffeted by changing environmental conditions, depending on the surrounding circumstances, to adapt and survive these changeable conditions. Bacteria have global response systems that result in sweeping changes in gene expression and cellular metabolism. In this study, caffeine, nicotine, and petroleum based materials were used as stress factors to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to evaluate their potential ability to induce growth rate and antibiotic resistance mutations. Bacterial cells exposed to diesel showed significant increase in growth rate, compared to the cells that exposed to the other materials. The exposure to high concentration of caffeine surprisingly tern the bacteria to become fully resistant to all tested antibiotics. Our data suggest the ability of our daily used materials to induce growth rate and antibiotic resistance mutations.

Peganum harmala is one of the most famous medicinal plants and natural products commonly used in traditional medicine and extensively spread in Middle and East Asia and North Africa. This study aimed to evaluate the radical scavenging activity of ethanolic crude extracts of P. harmala seeds from Libya using DPPH assay; to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the P. harmala seeds crude extracts against Gram-negative Salmonella typhi ATCC14028 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and also Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591; and to screen the phytochemicals in the ethanolic crude extracts of the Libyan P. harmala seeds using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The IC50 value of P. harmala seeds extract was 179.62±7.32 μg/mL. The MIC ranged from 1.95 to 31.25 mg/mL while the MBC ranged from 7.80 to 62.50 mg/mL. The eight compounds identified were harmine, harmaline, leptalorine, hexahydro fluorene, 3-methoxy-6-methyl, 1H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole,2,34,9- tetrahydro-6methoxy-1-methyl, 9,12-octadienoic acid ethyl ester, linoleic acid ethyl ester, 9,12-octadienoic acid (z,z). This study has, therefore, revealed the antixodant and antibacterial efficacy of P. harmala ethanolic extract. Thus, it could be further developed as a substitute for chemical antioxidants and as antibacterials agent.

Humans harbor various microorganisms, some of which reside naturally in the body, and some of which are transferred from elsewhere. Many of these microbes are considered to be normal flora that do not cause disease, provided that they occur only in their normal anatomical site in the body. The development of malignant lesions requires a long incubation time, even after direct exposure to known carcinogens. Multistep tumorigenesis is required to transform a normal cell into a cancerous one. The role of different microbes in tumorigenesis has expanded to include their potential capacity to form and modulate several cancer hallmarks, including the alteration of the immune response, tumor-promoting inflammation, angiogenesis, tumor growth and proliferation, and pro-carcinogenic metabolite production. Furthermore, microbes may damage the host DNA and induce genomic instability. This review provides a basic overview of the process of tumorigenesis and the role of different microorganisms in cancer accuracy. Then this study discusses the different mechanisms of tumor induction by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Finally, it highlights the necessary health precautions that need to be taken to prevent the development of cancers.

Olive oil is depicted as "green gold" in Libya. It plays an inevitable role in Libyan food culture and countries' economies. This review highlighted the most recent advances and challenges about the botanical classification of olives', factors affecting olive oil quality and virgin olive oil processing techniques. Furthermore, this review explores the most significant attributes of olive oil in health and pharmaceutical applications. For instance, reduced pure olive oil considerably lowers the risk of cholesterol-related and other vascular diseases. Also exhibits excellent pharmaceutical properties for curing oxidative damage linked to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, this review highlights the nutritional and food benefit of olive oil. Olive oil is an excellent antioxidant whereby olive oil can be applied to protect highly refined food such as meat from any pathogenic food spoilage. We hope that this review will give comprehensive knowledge about the health benefits of olive oil, which help to utilise oil in pharmaceuticals.

Nipah virus infection is a renewable threatening stage III zoonotic disease caused high mortality rates and significant public health risks in the past two decades. Several outbreaks of the Nipah virus occurred in Malaysia, Bangladesh, India and other Asian countries, which differed in the characteristics as each outbreak results from a novel strain of the virus. The continuous change of the viral hosts, as it jumps from bats to the animal/human and vice versa, but the virus in need to adapt to the new environment and favor mutations accuracy. The recent outbreaks of the virus caused much concern worldwide due to its ease of transmission and high mortality rates. During the rapid spread and replication of Nipah virus, more mutations are likely to develop, enhancing its epidemiological patterns and increasing its pathogenicity, raising the risk for a new pandemic. This review presents the chronological development of Nipah virus outbreaks and the main differences from the originally discovered Nipah virus and the more recent strains and discussed the potential of this virus to become a new pandemic.

Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most common and malignant types of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Despite the great advances in treatment modalities and the variety of therapeutic options, it remains largely incurable with continuously growth incidence, due to the genomic instability of glioblastoma multiforme cells, their heterogeneity, and their resistance to chemo-and radiotherapies. The aggressive behavior of these brain tumors and their sequestered location behind the blood-brain barrier restricts the role of the immune system. Great success has been made recently in glioblastoma multiforme treatment using genetic based approaches to selectively target cancerous cells and restore tumor suppressor gene expression or silence specific oncogenes to prevent their expression. The use of genetic approaches has attracted more interest and research and has revealed their ability to regulate the expression of glioblastoma multiforme oncogenes without changing the genotype and thus avoiding possible genotoxicity. This review delivers an overview of glioblastoma multiforme cell biology, tumorigenesis, and immune surveillance, and discusses recent advances in genetic based therapies of glioblastoma multiforme.

Using microwave oven nowadays has become necessary due to the need for speed in our daily activities. It is widely used in hating, thawing, and even cooking of food. It has been also used in sterilization and decontamination of food from microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate thermal and non-thermal effect of a regular house holding microwave oven on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Bacterial suspension is exposed to microwave radiations in different strength and durations and compared to unexposed cultures. During microwave treatment, non-thermal effect is evaluated by putting the suspension crushed ice. The results indicate that the viability of both gram positive and negative was highly reduced with thermal effect of microwave radiations, leading to complete inactivation at three minutes. Non-thermal microwave radiations were also able to cause change in the microbial viability of both tested organisms on at least two-exposure occasion. The evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility before and after microwave radiations treatment indicate that antibiotic resistance was highly increased to tested antibiotics specially after three-minute exposure, except for Staphylococcus aureus to Amoxicillin, which became more sensitive. Microwave radiations reported to have a strong activity in eliminating the number of microbes but, it may have an important role in development of antibiotic resistance that should not be ignored.