Recent Advances in the Role of Microorganisms in Cancer Incidence: Mechanisms and Health Precautions

Abstract

Humans harbor various microorganisms, some of which reside naturally in the body, and some of which are transferred from elsewhere. Many of these microbes are considered to be normal flora that do not cause disease, provided that they occur only in their normal anatomical site in the body. The development of malignant lesions requires a long incubation time, even after direct exposure to known carcinogens. Multistep tumorigenesis is required to transform a normal cell into a cancerous one. The role of different microbes in tumorigenesis has expanded to include their potential capacity to form and modulate several cancer hallmarks, including the alteration of the immune response, tumor-promoting inflammation, angiogenesis, tumor growth and proliferation, and pro-carcinogenic metabolite production. Furthermore, microbes may damage the host DNA and induce genomic instability. This review provides a basic overview of the process of tumorigenesis and the role of different microorganisms in cancer accuracy. Then this study discusses the different mechanisms of tumor induction by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Finally, it highlights the necessary health precautions that need to be taken to prevent the development of cancers.

Novel Insights into Genetic Approaches in Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy

“…However, the manifest the disease was reported to be associated with cancer cells, in addition to conscript and corrupt resident, which recruited normal cells to serve as contributing members around the cancer cells 13 . The tumor microenvironment was reported to play a critical role in cancer metastasis and malignancy; the interaction between neoplastic tumor cells and their surrounding stroma leads to chronic proliferation and formation of organ-like structures, which are known as tumors and typify most human cancers 14, 15 . The multifactorial contributions of activated or recruited brain cells to glioblastoma multiforme may be performed by some or all of the factors presented in Figure 1, including evading growth suppressor mechanisms of cells, chronic proliferative signaling, angiogenesis, resisting cell death, activating invasion and metastasis, enabling replicative immortality, evading immune-mediated destruction, and reprogramming energy metabolism 16 .…”

In Silico Genomic and Metabolic Atlas of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016: An Insight into Human Health

“…Microorganisms can damage host DNA, generating instability of the genome and contributing to multistep tumorigenesis. Microbes may also be able to promote tumorigenesis through modulating cancer hallmarks [ 8 ]. Probiotics may be able to prevent and treat cancer, due to the beneficial effect they can have on the human host [ 9 ].…”

The relationship between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of Vietnamese gastric cancer patients

“…The causes of gastric cancer are still unclear, but some factors have been shown to increase risk. The most common risk factor is the microbe Helicobacter pylori, which contributes to cancer development 4 . Diet and lifestyle risk factors include obesity, a diet high in sodium and low in vegetables, smoked foods, smoking, and alcohol consumption.…”