Water-soluble chitosan (WSC) has been derived from different marine sources such as squid pen, shrimp, mussel, and crab shells. Chitosan was obtained by deacetylation of chitin. Degradation of chitosan by hydrogen peroxide would produce WSC. Demineralization process was optimized by varying incubation time and temperature to minimize the mineral content in chitin. WSC that obtained was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to calculate the deacetylation degree. Deacetylation degree of WSC was also studied by titrimetric method. The ash content of chitin from marine sources was measured to obtain the optimum demineralization incubation time. The optimum incubation time for demineralization process was 12 hours and stirred at 50 rpm. Recovery and deacetylation degree of WSC were found to be varied and depended on the source of WSC. Each sample of WSC from shrimp shell, mussel shell, squid pen and crab shell has the degree of deacetylation of 64.18%, 35.03%, 58.04% and 53.91% respectively. The presence of amine group was confirmed from FTIR spectra ofsynthesized WSC.
The production of hydrocarbon (C7-C20) and alcohol (C11-C19) from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) compound are produced from the transesterification of the seed oil of the Nyamplung that has been conducted by the catalytic hydrocracking using Al-MCM-41 and Pd 2+ -impregnated-Al-MCM-41 catalysts. The performance of catalysts were compared by various analysis including the acidity that was determined by pyridine and FTIR, the crystal structure observed by XRD, the surface area and pore volume analyzed by BET/BJH, the surface morphology observed by TEM, the metal on the surface of catalyst observed by XPS and the product of the hydrocracking analyzed by GC-MS. Hexagonal structure of the MCM-41(100) was shown in the 2θ = 3 o -5 o of the diffractogram. The presence of impregnated Al and Pd observed at the 2θ = 20 o and 34 o , respectively. The Pd/Al-MCM-41 catalyst was more acidic than Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The surface area and pore volume of the catalyst decreased after the impregnation process. The tendency of catalytic hydrocracking of hydrocarbon produced was indicated that more amount of Palladium have more hydrocarbons aliphatic than alcohol.
Kitosan larut air (Water Soluble Chitosan, WSC) berhasil disintesis dari limbah cangkang udang dan dimanfaatkan sebagai inhibitor korosi. Limbah cangkang udang didemineralisasi dan dideproteinisasi untuk memperoleh kitin. WSC diperoleh dari proses deasetilasi kitin dan pemotongan rantai kitosan kasar dengan H 2 O 2. WSC dikarakterisasi dengan FT-IR dan ditentukan derajat deasetilasinya dengan titrasi asam basa. Kinerja WSC dalam menghambat korosi baja lunak HCl 1M telah dipelajari dengan metode polarisasi potensiodinamik. Studi efisiensi inhibisi WSC dilakukan pada variasi konsentrasi 25-175ppm dalam media korosif pada kondisi stagnan dan dengan pengadukan. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan efisiensi inhibisi WSC meningkat terhadap konsentrasi dan mencapai maksimum pada konsentrasi 100 ppm. Efisiensi maksimum WSC diperoleh sebesar 73,50%. Intepretasi hasil pengukuran dengan polarisasi potensiodinamik menunjukkan bahwa WSC merupakan inhibitor tipe campuran. Adsorpsi WSC pada permukaan baja lunak dalam HCl 1M mengikuti model isotermal adsorpsi Freundlich.
Water-Soluble Chitosan (WSC) was synthesized form shrimp and mussel shells wastes and used as corrosion inhibitor on tinplate in 2% NaCl. Chitin was extracted from shrimp and mussel shells wastes by demineralization and deproteinization reactions.Chitin was deacetylated to crude chitosan. WSC was obtained by shortening the crude chitosan polymer chain using H2O2. WSC was characterized by FTIR. WSC performance as corrosion inhibitor on tinplate in 2% NaCl was studied by weightloss and potentiodynamic polarization methods. WSC inhibition efficiency was studied in various concentrations from 10-1500 mg/L. Maximum inhibition efficiencies of WSC from shrimp shells waste were 72,73% (weightloss method) and 91,41% (potentiodynamic polarization method), while maximum inhibition efficiency of WSC from mussel shells waste was 54,55% (weightloss method) with the addition of 1300 mg/L WSC concentration. Weightloss studies revealed that WSC acted as mixed type of inhibitor and obeyed Freundlich adsorption isoterm.
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