In 2005 in Indonesia, clusters of human infection with clade 2 H5N1 viruses included mild, severe, and fatal cases among family members.

SARS-CoV-2 has shaken the world by extremely raising death tolls, illnesses, and economic losses. The virus is transmitted by humans to other humans, spreading to more than 200 countries. This research aims to analyze the transmission dynamics of novel Coronavirus-SARS-CoV-2 in South Sumatera Indonesia. This is epidemiologic research, and the research population is all SARS-CoV-2 patients and those who have close contact with the patients in all districts/cities in South Sumatera. It has been widely known that those that have made contact with patients confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 has a risk of getting infected by SARS-CoV-2 by 3.591 higher than those who never have (OR = 3.591, 95% CI: 2.933–4.396). Also, according to the findings, those who have a contact history to patients confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 have a risk of getting infected by SARS-CoV-2 by 2.387 higher than those who never have (OR = 2.387, 95% CI: 1.362–4.184). Meanwhile, those who have no idea for having made contact with patients confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 has a risk of getting infected by SARS-CoV-2 by 1.082 higher than those who have never a contact history to the SARS-CoV-2 patients (OR = 1.082, 95% CI: 0.622–1.882). To prevent broader transmission, those who have made contact with the SARS-CoV-2 patients need to be quarantined. The findings help us give community health interventions to globally fight this transmittable disease.

Indonesia's polio-free status as well as the 2023 global polio eradication target have been threatened by disruptions to immunization services caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and related restrictions. n Fear of contracting COVID-19, human resource diversion, and travel restrictions posed barriers to delivering polio immunization services during the pandemic. n To resume polio vaccination efforts and maintain polio-free status, Indonesia health authorities need to take action to: 8 Maximize vaccine service reach by mapping children who have not been vaccinated and monitor the vaccine supply chain 8 Integrate vaccine delivery with pandemic response efforts 8 Mobilize communities for advocacy and education

Background Data on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinical characteristics and severity from resource-limited settings are limited. This study examined clinical characteristics and factors associated with COVID-19 mortality and hospitalisation in rural settings of Indonesia, from 1 January to 31 July, 2021. Methods This retrospective cohort included individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 based on polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen diagnostic test, from five rural provinces in Indonesia. We extracted demographic and clinical data, including hospitalisation and mortality from a new piloted COVID-19 information system named Sistem Informasi Surveilans Epidemiologi (SISUGI). We used mixed-effect logistic regression to examine factors associated with COVID-19-related mortality and hospitalisation. Results Of 6,583 confirmed cases, 205 (3.1%) died and 1,727 (26.2%) were hospitalised. The median age was 37 years (Interquartile range 26–51), with 825 (12.6%) under 20 years, and 3,371 (51.2%) females. Most cases were symptomatic (4,533; 68.9%); 319 (4.9%) had a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia and 945 (14.3%) presented with at least one pre-existing comorbidity. Age-specific mortality rates were 0.9% (2/215) for 0–4 years; 0% (0/112) for 5–9 years; 0% (1/498) for 10–19 years; 0.8% (11/1,385) for 20–29 years; 0.9% (12/1,382) for 30–39 years; 2.1% (23/1,095) for 40–49 years; 5.4% (57/1,064) for 50–59 years; 10.8% (62/576) for 60–69 years; 15.9% (37/232) for ≥70 years. Older age, pre-existing diabetes, chronic kidney disease, liver diseases, malignancy, and pneumonia were associated with higher risk of mortality and hospitalisation. Pre-existing hypertension, cardiac diseases, COPD, and immunocompromised condition were associated with risk of hospitalisation but not with mortality. There was no association between province-level density of healthcare workers with mortality and hospitalisation. Conclusion The risk of COVID-19-related mortality and hospitalisation was associated with higher age, pre-existing chronic comorbidities, and clinical pneumonia. The findings highlight the need for prioritising enhanced context-specific public health action to reduce mortality and hospitalisation risk among older and comorbid rural populations.

Background: COVID-19 causes a high death toll, illness, and economic losses. Transmission of the virus occurs from human to human and has spread to more than 200 countries. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between close contact and the COVID-19 incident in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Methods: This research used an observational analysis with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study was all COVID-19 patients and those who had close contact with COVID-19 patients in South Sumatra. The data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate tests. The bivariate analysis uses the chi-square test, while the multivariate analysis uses the logistic regression test. Results: The results show that close contact was related to the incidence of COVID-19 with a P value of 0.00 and an odds ratio adjusted (ORAdj) of 3.59 (95% CI: 2.93–4.39) after the variables of record of visiting local transmission areas, record of visiting health facilities, record of contact with suspected cases, and record of contact with confirmed cases were controlled. Conclusion: The transmission of close contact within families such as households was very high. A transmission could occur between a husband and wife and people who lived in the same house and shared plates while eating. To prevent a broader transmission, people who had close contact with COVID-19 needed to be quarantined. We could carry out public health interventions globally to fight against the pandemic based on these results.

BackgroundData on COVID-19 clinical characteristics and severity from resource-limited settings are limited. This study examined clinical characteristics and factors associated with COVID-19 mortality and hospitalisation in rural settings of Indonesia, from 1 January to 31 July, 2021.MethodsThis retrospective cohort included individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 based on polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen diagnostic test, from Lampung, Gorontalo, Central Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, and East Nusa Tenggara Provinces. We extracted demographic and clinical data, including hospitalisation and mortality from COVID-19 surveillance records. We used mixed-effect logistic regression to examine factors associated with COVID-19-related mortality and hospitalisation.ResultsOf 6,583 confirmed cases, 205 (3.1%) died, and 1,727 (26%) were hospitalised. The median age was 37 years (IQR 26-52), with 825 (12·53%) under 20 years, and 3,371 (51.21%) females. 4,533 (68.86%) cases were symptomatic, 319 (4.85%) had a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, and 945 (14.36%) with at least one pre-existing comorbidity. The mortality and hospitalisation rate ranged from 2.0% and 13.4% in East Nusa Tenggara to 4.3% and 36·1% in Lampung. Age-specific mortality rates were 0.9% (2/340) for 0-4 years; 0% (0/112) for 5-9 years; 0.2% (1/498) for 10-19 years; 0.8% (11/1,385) for 20-29 years; 0.9% (12/1,382) for 30-39 years; 2% (23/1,095) for 40-49 years; 5% (57/1,064) for 50-59 years; 11% (62/576) for 60-69 years; 16% (37/232) for ≥70 years. Older age, pre-existing diabetes, liver diseases, malignancy, and pneumonia were associated with higher risk of mortality and hospitalisation. Pre-existing hypertension, cardiac diseases, chronic kidney disease, COPD, and immunocompromised condition were associated with risk of hospitalisation but not with mortality.ConclusionClinical characteristics and risk factors of severe COVID-19 outcomes in rural provinces were broadly similar to those in urban settings. The risk of COVID-19-related mortality and hospitalisation was associated with higher age, pre-existing chronic comorbidities, and clinical presentation of pneumonia.