ABSTRAK.Berdasarkan ketentuan UUD 1945 hasil perubahan, disebutkan dengan tegas bahwa negara Indonesia adalah negara hukum. Prinsip negara hukum Indonesia tidak merujuk secara langsung pada dua paham atau aliran berbeda tentang negara hukum, yaitu negara hukum dalam arti rechtsstaat dan negara hukum dalam arti the rule of law. Namun demikian, penerapan prinsip negara hukum Indonesia didasarkan pada unsur-unsur negara hukum secara umum, yaitu adanya upaya perlindungan terhadap hak asasi manusia, adanya pemisahan atau pembagian kekuasaan, adanya pelaksanaan kedaulatan rakyat, adanya penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang didasarkan pada peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku dan adanya peradilan administrasi negara. Agar tercapai tujuan negara hukum Indonesia sebagaimana dicita-citakan dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945, maka seluruh unsur dimaksud harus diterapkan secara konsisten. PENDAHULUANPerkembangan sistem ketatanegaraan sejumlah negara belakangan ini menunjukkan bahwa begitu banyak negara yang kemudian menjadikan konsepsi tentang negara hukum sebagai konsep ideal dalam membangun kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Hal itu menunjukkan bahwa betapa sentralnya posisi dan kedudukan hukum dalam perjalanan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, khususnya dalam rangka mengatur kehidupan suatu negara menjadi lebih baik. Hukum menjadi sesuatu yang sangat urgen untuk menata kehidupan manusia.Sesungguhnya, konsepsi negara hukum sendiri sudah lama menjadi bahan perbincangan para ahli. Bahkan pada zaman Yunani Kuno, konsepsi negara hukum sudah mulai diperdebatkan dan dijadikan diskusi berkelanjutan sebagai salah satu landasan kehidupan manusia. Plato maupun Aristoteles pada masa kejayaannya sudah memandang negara hukum sebagai salah satu pembahasan yang cukup menarik serta diprediksi akan menjadi diskusi menarik di kemudian hari. Hal itu pun terbukti bahwa saat ini, konsep negara hukum selalu saja mendapat porsi pembahasan yang sangat menonjol dalam sistem ketatanegaraan suatu negara.Hanya saja, pada saat awal munculnya pembahasan negara hukum, konsep dimaksud masih hanya ditujukan sebatas upaya atau perjuangan dalam rangka menentang kekuasaan raja yang begitu absolut. Artinya, cakrawala pemahaman tentang negara hukum ketika itu masih hanya terbatas pada upaya mengendalikan pergerakan kekuasaan raja yang begitu besar. Kala itu, kekuasaan suatu negara selalu bertumpu pada raja, sehingga kemudian sangat rentan melahirkan kesewenang-wenangan.Atas dasar pertimbangan demikian, maka upaya membatasi kekuasaan raja menjadi sangat urgen demi masa depan dan eksisnya suatu negara. Tanpa adanya pembatasan kekuasaan raja, maka menjadi sangat sulit untuk mengontrol jalannya pemerintahan. Oleh sebab itu, prinsip utama negara hukum selalu dipandang sebagai upaya pembatasan kekuasaan para penguasa serta dalam rangka menjaga dan melindungi hak asasi manusia.Sebagaimana dikemukakan Janpatar Simamora (2014:549), bahwa pada umumnya konsepsi tentang negara hukum selalu berkiblat pada dua tradisi hukum yang berbeda, yaitu common law system dan civil law sys...
This research was a the students’ motivation in learning English by using zoom platform during covid-19 pandemic. During covid-19, all teaching and learning process have been conducted from offline to online methods. The increasing of using the media in learning process such as android become a new phenomena, but the motivation of students in learning become less since the teachers did not meet and face-to-face with the students in the learning process. Because this study investigates students' motivation in English online learning via the Zoom app based on their experiences, a qualitative technique was chosen as an appropriate approach and descriptive research was conducted. In this research, the source of data was taken from primary source data. The primary source data was the data which the researchers took data of this research directly in the field of the problem’s concern, namely in grade X MIA 2 of SMA Negeri 5 Pematangsiantar. The findings of this study are provided descriptively in order to provide a thorough picture of students' motivation. According to the data analysis offered, kids had two motivations: extrinsic motivation, which consists of a person's point of view and attitude, and extrinsic motivation, which consists of parents, school facilities, and teachers.
In accordance with the decision of the Constitutional Court Number 97 / PUU-XI / 2013, the Constitutional Court is no longer authorized to resolve disputes on direct election results, because the provisions of Article 236C of Law Number 12 Year 2008 NRI are against the Constitution of 1945. Article 157 paragraph (1) Law No. 8 Year 2015 determines that the dispute settlement on direct election results become the authority of specialized judiciary. But before a specialized judiciary is formed, then the Constitutional Court is authorized to resolve disputes on direct election results. The authority of the Constitutional Court is the constitutional authority to fulfill temporary legal vacuum (rechtvakum). Therefore legislators should immediately establish a specialized judiciary which has the authority to resolve the disputes on direct election results.
<p align="justify">The Covid-19 pandemic has weakened the performance of the financial services industry and ruined the Indonesian economy and the welfare of society, including the creative economy sector. Access to finance is often a major problem for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The role of MSMEs is very much needed in multidimensional, namely economic, social, environmental, and community. However, the role of MSMEs is often constrained in terms of capital accessibility. This study focuses on how the legal protection for MSMEs in the welfare state and how the role of the State in realizing welfare for MSMEs during the Covid-19 Pandemic. This research uses normative juridical research, namely examining material law which contains normative legal principles. This study concludes that first, welfare will be realized if the Government is able to provide legal protection to MSMEs. In order to provide legal protection for MSMEs, this is realized through the existence of Law Number 20 of 2008 concerning MSMEs. Second, the Government has compiled 9 programs to anticipate the impact of Covid-19 on MSMEs. The form of support provided starting from coaching, mentoring, and funding is an effort by the state to prosper the community, especially MSMEs.</p>
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