Most chemotherapeutics elevate intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and many can alter redox-homeostasis of cancer cells. It is widely accepted that the anticancer effect of these chemotherapeutics is due to the induction of oxidative stress and ROS-mediated cell injury in cancer. However, various new therapeutic approaches targeting intracellular ROS levels have yielded mixed results. Since it is impossible to quantitatively detect dynamic ROS levels in tumors during and after chemotherapy in clinical settings, it is of increasing interest to apply mathematical modeling techniques to predict ROS levels for understanding complex tumor biology during chemotherapy. This review outlines the current understanding of the role of ROS in cancer cells during carcinogenesis and during chemotherapy, provides a critical analysis of the methods used for quantitative ROS detection and discusses the application of mathematical modeling in predicting treatment responses. Finally, we provide insights on and perspectives for future development of effective therapeutic ROS-inducing anticancer agents or antioxidants for cancer treatment.

β‐In2S3 is a natural defective III–VI semiconductor attracting considerable interests but lack of efficient method for its 2D form fabrication. Here, for the first time, this paper reports controlled synthesis of ultrathin 2D β‐In2S3 flakes via a facile space‐confined chemical vapor deposition method. The natural defects in β‐In2S3 crystals, clearly revealed by optical spectra and optoelectronic measurement, strongly modulate the (opto)‐electronic of as‐fabricated β‐In2S3 and render it a broad detection range from visible to near‐infrared. Particularly, the as‐fabricated β‐In2S3 photodetector shows a high photoresponsivity of 137 A W−1, a high external quantum efficiency of 3.78 × 104%, and a detectivity of 4.74 × 1010 Jones, accompanied with a fast rise and decay time of 6 and 8 ms, respectively. In addition, an interesting linear response to the testing power intensities range is observed, which can also be understood by the presence of natural defects. The unique defective structure and intrinsic optical properties of β‐In2S3, together with its controllable growth, endow it with great potential for future applications in electronics and optoelectronics.

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a near-infrared dye that has been used in the clinic for retinal angiography, and defining cardiovascular and liver function for over 50 years. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the incorporation of ICG into nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer theranostic applications. Various types of ICG-incorporated NPs have been developed and strategically functionalised to embrace multiple imaging and therapeutic techniques for cancer diagnosis and treatment. This review systematically summaries the biodistribution of various types of ICG-incorporated NPs for the first time, and discusses the principles, opportunities, limitations, and application of ICG-incorporated NPs for cancer theranostics. We believe that ICG-incorporated NPs would be a promising multifunctional theranostic platform in oncology and facilitate significant advancements in this research-active area.

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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe complication of sepsis; however, no effective drugs have been found. Activation of the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a major pathogenic mechanism of AKI induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Autophagy, a process of intracellular degradation related to renal homeostasis, effectively restricts inflammatory responses. Herein, we explored the potential protective mechanisms of dexmedetomidine (DEX), which has confirmed antiinflammatory effects, on LPS-induced AKI. Methods: AKI was induced in rats by injecting 10 mg/kg of LPS intraperitoneally (i.p.). Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of DEX (30 µg/kg) 30 min before an intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Atipamezole (ATI) (250 µg/kg) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (15 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected 30 min before the DEX injection. Results: DEX significantly attenuated renal injury. Furthermore, DEX decreased activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and expression of interleukins 1b and 18. In addition, autophagy-related protein and gene analysis indicated that DEX could significantly enhance autophagy. Finally, we verified the pharmacological effects of DEX on the 5′adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Atip and 3-MA significantly reversed the protective effects of DEX. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the protective effects of DEX were mediated by enhanced autophagy via the a 2-adrenoreceptor/AMPK/mTOR pathway, which decreased

With a decade of effort, significant progress has been achieved in the synthesis, processing, and applications of MXenes. Metal ions play many crucial roles, such as in MXene delamination, structure regulation, surface modification, MXene composite construction, and even some unique applications. The different roles of metal ions are attributed to their many interactions with MXenes and the unique nature of MXenes, including their layered structure, surface chemistry, and the existence of multi‐valent transition metals. Interactions with metal ions are crucial for the energy storage of MXene electrodes, especially in metal ion batteries and supercapacitors with neutral electrolytes. This review aims to provide a good understanding of the interactions between metal ions and MXenes, including the classification and fundamental chemistry of their interactions, in order to achieve their more effective utilization and rational design. It also provides new perspectives on MXene evolution and exfoliation, which may suggest optimized synthesis strategies. In this respect, the different effects of metal ions on MXene synthesis and processing are clarified, and the corresponding mechanisms are elaborated. Research progress on the roles metal ions have in MXene applications is also introduced.

and usually needs large overpotential to proceed, which seriously impedes the commercial application of these electrochemical energy devices. At present, noble metal catalysts, such as RuO 2 and IrO 2 , are generally regarded as the best electrocatalysts for OER. However, high cost, limited resources, and poor stability make them hard to satisfy the requirement of commercial demands. Thus, it's of extreme urgency to develop effective, cheap, and stable OER electrocatalysts.Spinels, which are briefly described as AB 2 O 4 (where metal ions A 2+ bond with O anions to form tetrahedrons and metal ions B 3+ bond with O anions to form octahedrons), [5] have attracted much attention as OER electrocatalysts because of low cost, rich resources and good stability in alkaline solution. However, the electrochemical activities of spinels are restricted by the limited number of reactive sites, little electrical conductivity, and poor intrinsic activity. Therefore, numerous strategies have been applied to improve electrochemical OER activities of metal oxide such as combining with conductive supports, [6] doping with other elements, [7] controlling facet phase, [8] incorporating vacancies, [9] and designing nanostructures. [10] In these strategies, constructing heterophase interface, which can inherit both functions of two different phases and accelerate electron transfer at interface with rapid reaction progress, is an extremely effective method to enhance the activity of electrocatalysts. [11,12] For example, Liu and co-workers have synthesized Pd@PdO 2 @Co 3 O 4 nanocubes to www.advancedsciencenews.com

Photoelectrochemical reaction is emerging as a powerful approach for biomass conversion. However, it has been rarely explored for glucose conversion into value-added chemicals. Here we develop a photoelectrochemical approach for selective oxidation of glucose to high value-added glucaric acid by using single-atom Pt anchored on defective TiO2 nanorod arrays as photoanode. The defective structure induced by the oxygen vacancies can modulate the charge carrier dynamics and band structure, simultaneously. With optimized oxygen vacancies, the defective TiO2 photoanode shows greatly improved charge separation and significantly enhanced selectivity and yield of C6 products. By decorating single-atom Pt on the defective TiO2 photoanode, selective oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid can be achieved. In this work, defective TiO2 with single-atom Pt achieves a photocurrent density of 1.91 mA cm−2 for glucose oxidation at 0.6 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, leading to an 84.3 % yield of glucaric acid under simulated sunlight irradiation.